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Introduction The goldfields in Nigeria have undergone severe artisanal workings that target both of the primary quartz-gold reefs and their related occurrences of alluvial in the absence of any systematic exploration and development. Nigeria’s officially documented gold production began in 1913 and reached its peak between 1933 and 1943, when roughly 1.4t of gold was produced. Due to abandoned of mines by largely colonial businesses, gold production dropped as the Second World War was ongoing and never recovered. The Nigerian Mining Corporation started prospecting for gold there in the early 1980s, but due to a lack of funding, it was unable to continue. Despite the vast potential, gold exploration received little attention due to petroleum’s discovery and subsequent economic domination in Nigeria. Occurrence, Geological setting and Mineralization Gold is found in Nigeria in primary veins, alluvial and eluvial placer deposits, and in various locations along schist belts in the northwest and southwest of the nation. The schist belts in northwest and southwest Nigeria’s Maru, Anka, Malele, Tsohon Birnin Gwari-Kwaga, Gurmana, Bin Yauri, and Iperindo regions are all connected, have the most significant occurrences (Beyond these big places, there are a number of smaller occurrences). The upper Proterozoic fine-grained clastic, politic schists, phyllites, banded iron formations, marble, and amphibolites with imprints of the Kibaran and Pan-African tectonic processes make up the lithologies of the contained schist belts. With fewer quantities of volcanic rocks, the metamorphism within the belt is characterised by green schist facies grading into amphibolite, particularly in the older gneiss-migmatite-quartzite complex. Primary gold mineralization frequently occurs in quartz veins of various lithologies in the schist belt; these veins can have a variety of morphologies, such as bedding concordant veins or discordant vein systems. It is typical to find mineralized wall rocks next to well-known veins, and these rocks could include fine-grained sulphide minerals. The Maru schist belt has the most significant two historic gold mines. The schistosity planes are frequently exploited by the shear zone that spans a quartzite-schist series and hosts Duki Mine. Past miners reportedly mined the mineralization, which appears to consist of gold-quartz veins, with a striking length of more than 1 km, leaving behind a sequence of collapsed N-S-trending workings with no mineralization exposed on the surface. Recent drilling by the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) has demonstrated the persistence of the quartz-gold-sulfide veins beneath the historic workings. A two-subparallel quartz vein system makes up Maraba, the other historic gold mine in Maru. Because of the severity of past mining, there are no in situ exposures, the only remnants of mineralization are tourmaline and chlorite in altered wall rocks and quartz floats. The Malele area is in the Maru schist belt’s most southern region. An N-E trending line of gold-quartz veins that cut through both chlorite schist and biotite-gneiss is where gold mineralization occurs (Garba 2013). Today, a number of sub-parallel surface workings represents the series of veins, with the vein exposures being infrequently seen.  The schists, quartzites and phyllites of the schist belt are the hosts of several historic gold mines in the Anka area. According to the extent of previous workings, individual veins or reefs rarely have a strike length more than 0.5 km and are consistent with the foliation of the host rock. The Kushaka schist belt contains the Kwaga and Tsohon Birnin Gwari gold sites. Pyrite is primarily present there, with lesser amounts of galena, magnetite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Gold-quartz reefs and their altered wall rocks have been sampled relatively recently through recent core drilling and mining exposures close to the surface. The Kushaka schist belt’s furthest southernmost region contains the Gurmana area of gold mineralization. Quartz-sulfide veins and gneisses are the two main types of gold mineralization. The gold-quartz-sulphide veins rarely run deeper than a few tens of metres. At the intersection of a pan-African granodiorite batholith invading phyllites and tourmalinites of the Zuru schist belt in Bin Yauri, Northwestern Nigeria, a brittle fault zone is cutting through hornfels, produces a gold-sulphide-carbonate quartz vein. The schist belt of Egbe-Isanlu in southwest Nigeria contains the gold-mining region of Okolom-Dogondaji. N-S and N-E- shear zones that are trending and cut gneisses, schists, and amphibolites, are the host of a number of gold-quartz veins. Southwest Nigeria’s Ilesha schist belt is home to the Old Gold Mine at Iperindo. The Iperindo mineralization is currently characterised by parallel old working that extends 900 metres or so in an N-E direction, and it consists of a succession comprises carbonate-quartz veins that are auriferous confined by a secondary fault within mica schist and biotite gneiss. Refreences Garba, I., (2003) Geochemical characteristics of mesothermal gold mineralisation in the Pan-African (600 ± 150 Ma) basement of Nigeria, Applied Earth Science, 112:3, 319-325, DOI: 10.1179/037174503225003143 Gbadebo, A.M., Ekwue, Y.A. (2014) Heavy metal contamination in tailings and rocksamples from an abandoned goldminein southwestern Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 186, 165–174 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3363-4   Mr. Aliyu Mohammed Lawan is a Lecturer II in the Department of Geology, Skyline University Nigeria. He holds a Master’s degree in Applied Geophysics from Ahmadu Bello University Zaria and a Bachelor’s degree in Geology from the University of Maiduguri. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Introduction The advent of new media has brought about so many changes in the society. In the communication sector, it has democratized content production and distribution as well as broken the hegemony of the traditional mass media of communication (Sule & Ridwanullah, 2021; Ridwanullah & Bala, 2022). The social media platforms have also helped in engendering democratic tenets and provide platforms for fulfilling some important principles of democracy – freedom of expression, public participation, plurality and inclusion. Public discourse and public opinion formulation have now transmogrified from its traditionally gate-kept, professionally mediated, ethically defined, morally curated, and horizontally formatted to more audience-centric, people generated, and often times, obnoxious, riddle with fake news, hate speech and misinformation. This is the reality in today’s world. This reality prompted the UNESCO to declare in 2017 that we are in a critical time which requires critical mind. There can be no better time to regulate the social media than now when media access is at an accelerated rate. On daily basis, digital penetration kept increasing, number of mobile phone users skyrocket and bandwidth subscription on the rise. Conscious efforts must be made to regulate social media platforms and combat the rise of fake news and misinformation on the social media space. Which direction should the regulation take – internal or external regulation?       Social Media and Self-Regulation The constant rise of fake news and misinformation is not unrelated with the level of freedom of speech in the society. This scenario has played out in the past. The libertarian tendency of the media space in western democracies set the stage for the current abuse of freedom available in the society. History has shown that social responsibility theory wouldn’t have been propounded if the supposition of John Milton on ‘free market place of idea’ had not failed the test of time. The Hutchen’s Commission report that gave birth to the social responsibility theory, an effort to salvage the media industry from returning to the era of government regulation – authoritarianism (Baran & Davis, 2014). No doubt, the priority of any media is to break news or provide information. Providing consumers with what they want is a specialty of the new media industries, even when doing so could have unfavourable long-term effects. Baran and Davis (2014) argued that this trend is evident in the ongoing debates around offensive and hateful online communication. The connections to other traditional social institutions that foster or demand social responsibility do not exist in new media, in contrast to the “established” conventional media. These new media technologies and the companies that built up around them to provide reliable supplies of appealing content had to replace earlier businesses and modes of communication as each of them developed. As individuals adapted to social media and its content, social roles and relationships frequently underwent significant disruption. The majority of these issues seemed difficult to foresee. One of the earliest comprehensive sociological studies of television’s effect on American life, for instance, revealed meagre evidence of disruption in the 1950s. One of the most significant changes brought about by television, according to the study, was that people no longer spent as much time playing cards with friends or extended family. Contrarily, nuclear families actually spent more time together, engrossed in the spectral shadows of small televisions. They conversed with friends and neighbors less frequently (Baran & Davis, 2014). According to research conducted by Wilbur Schramm, Jack Lyle, and Edwin Parker (1961), towns with television actually had higher rates of library use and lower sales of comic books than those with only radio. These results suggested that television would be a good thing, given the enormous mistrust that the public had of comic books in the 1950s. This tendency is still evident today, as proponents of the idea that the Internet will ultimately result in a return to more participatory democracy confront detractors of contentious internet. While supporters of the Internet applaud the ability of social networking sites and instant messaging to keep people linked, some Internet cynics fear that it may promote social isolation. As media enterprises develop, they frequently grow more socially conscious, more prepared to regulate or restrict the dissemination of contentious material, and more interested in meeting long-term societal demands than in stoking momentary popular passions. According to cynics, accountability is only achieved when it will increase rather than hinder profit-making; in other words, accountability is only possible when fierce competition gives way to oligopoly—a small number of surviving businesses agree to stop competing and carve up the market and the profits. In this case, businesses can focus on public relations and stop using the most inflammatory content generation techniques (and, incidentally, ward off formal regulation) (Baran & Davis, 2014). This paper argues that social media platforms can self-regulate and redeem their image. Historically, two of the most influential yellow journalists in the 1920s succeeded in doing just that, changing so drastically that their names came to be associated with good journalism rather than dishonest reporting. The professionalization of journalism and the upgrading of the industry’s ethical standards are often linked (and rightfully so) to the Pulitzer Prize and the Hearst Foundation’s work (Baran & Davis, 2014). The American Society of Newspaper Editors was established during this decade as well, and its renowned Canons of Journalism included a commitment to “tell the truth about the news” (Schramm, 1960, pp. 623–625). A careless new media sector has matured and changed. Once more, this procedure is still in use today. The majority of the main Internet content providers proudly declare their commitment to assuaging public concerns about privacy and decency while voluntarily submitting their websites to evaluation and coding related to well-known and publicly distributed content-rating software. After being acquired by Google, YouTube started to carefully monitor content submitted to its website and has significantly increased the quantity of information it eliminates or to which it restricts access, thus becoming less “guerilla” and more legitimate (Baran & Davis, 2014). Twitter and Facebook have also put in

The hardest part of bodybuilding is often getting started, as it is also very easy to make a fitness plan than to actually keep them. What seemed so feasible in our mind, like running a half marathon or making that gym appointment can somehow morph into something impossible. Everyone wants to have that perfect body and improve health, hence the need for specific exercise strategies to keep us going. Vicki Conn, a Professor and Associate Dean of research in the University of Sinclair School of Nursing, for example, wrote, “Simple action oriented exercise strategies are the way to get exercising that can change your life. Here are some simple specific exercise strategy that can change your life for the better. Seek advice from a professional Prior to beginning any exercise or fitness Programmeme or you aren’t seeing any results with your current routine, a personal trainer or healthcare professionals such as physical therapists, chiropractors, and rehabilitators can be contacted for their expertise in the areas one is interested in developing or keeping fit. Knowing how you can benefit and whether it will be worth the expense can help you decide whether this is a good choice for you. Set specific goals and schedule your exercise plan Knowing where to start for a new exerciser or one trying to get back to exercise is often a challenge. The right workout schedule will depend on a variety of factors like your age, fitness level, goals, and any physical issues you may have. You can plan to exercise for 20 minutes, three times a week but without a schedule to track your progress, you may not really make anything meaningful. Like any other appointment, you can schedule your exercise session on your calendar and leave something that can remind you. Go with whatever gets you going If you enjoy working out with an mp3 player, it is a big hit. Listening to music while exercising doesn’t just relieve boredom — it can help improve the quality of your workout by increasing your stamina and putting you in a better mood. In particular, music that is motivational or synchronized with your exercise is shown to have physical and psychological effects. Some of us need a little something extra to keep us exercising from week to week. The point is, use whatever gets you going. Start with a simple Walk One of the easiest ways for most people to engage in exercise is to walk. This works particularly well for people who have a sit-down job or live a generally sedentary lifestyle. Walking doesn’t require some fancy equipment to get a great workout. You can increase the intensity of your walks by walking with hand weights, increasing your walking speed gradually by including some quick walking and by walking for a longer period. Expect some initial discomfort Fitness training will likely cause some pains in the beginning. This pain is to be expected as a natural part of increasing activity. Fitness training activities stress the body no doubt and as a result, we enhance our strengths and endurance, and finally optimize our athletic performance. The discomfort discussed here is one not incurred by injury but as a result of increased exercise activities. Track your progress Keep a written record of progress made during the exercise and fitness Programme. Tracking progress is useful and could include a list of the specific exercises performed, number of sets and repetitions, duration of exercise, and sensations experienced during exercise. Monitoring progress may also help keep the athlete motivated to continue with the exercise and fitness Programme. Finally, Exercise can change your life, simply in that, it will make you feel better – both physically and mentally. The health benefits to exercise are undeniable. Exercise in and of itself may not be life-changing, but it may just be the catalyst you need to open yourself to new opportunities. Reference: 1. https://www.spine-health.com/wellness/exercise/specific-exercise-strategies 2. https://www.self.com/story/mental-strategies-to-stick-with-exercise-routine Mr. Musa Muhammad is the Head of Sports, Skyline University Nigeria. He has a BSC Ed. in Physical and Health Education from Bayero University Kano (BUK), Nigeria. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Introduction RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) which is a combination of radio-frequency-based technology and microchip technology is being hailed as one of the most important application inevery field nowadays including librarianship. RFID is a generic term for technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people or objects (Singh, Brar & Fong 2006). The idea of this technology is to enhance library security for all and sundry. Even though RFID is relatively a new technology in libraries, the adoption of it has resulted in a solution that could make it possible to inventory hundreds of thousands of items in their collections in days instead of months. In addition, it allows patrons to check out and return library collection automatically at any time of the day. Besides speeding up checkouts, keeping collections in better order and alleviating repetitive strain injuries among librarians, RFID promises to provide better control on theft, non-returns and misfiling of a library’s assets. How RFID System works in the LibraryThe RFID technology works through flexible, paper-thin RFID tags, which can be placed inside the cover of each and every document. Complete information about each document is entered into the Library Management Software like KOHA. Whenever a user brings a document for issue-return purpose, the RFID reader from the tag reads the information pertaining to that book and transmits the data into the software and document is issued in a few seconds without the assistance of the library staff. As the user takes the document outside the library, the antenna placed at the exit gate automatically reads the information contained on the RFID tag to verify whether the document is properly issued or not. In case, it is not issued to the user as per library norms or it is being stolen from the library, the antenna senses it and gives an instant alert. Thus, it results in a successful theft reduction of documents. Equally, Narayanan, Sanjay & Somasekharan (2005) in their own classical thinking noted some advantages of RFID in libraries, which includes issuing multiple books at a time; simplified self-charging/discharging; reduction in queue at circulation desk /counter; more hours of circulation; saving time of the library staff while issue/return of document; allow library staff to provide other users’ centric service; reduction of staff at circulation desk; increased issue/return of library documents; security of library collection, etc. However, Skyline University Nigeria Library been the first International Private University in the Northern part of Nigeria implemented this current technology so as to go with the current trend of librarianship. CONCLUSIONLibrarians are always known as early adopters of technology and they have started using RFID to provide more effective and efficient library services as well as for the security of library collections. Although the use of RFID by libraries over the last few years has grown dramatically, yet the major barriers of RFID technology adoption by more libraries is its cost factor, non-availability of standards and user privacy. As far as the cost constraints are concerned, once the libraries implement such a technology, it’s benefits can be realized in terms of “Return On Investments” as it will speed up the circulation process and the staff can perform other user-centric services. It is also very important to protect user privacy, libraries should follow standard guidelines and store no personal information on RFID tags. Whether the libraries are using RFID technology today or not, they cannot avoid it as nowadays the book distributors have started selling books which are already tagged without any extra cost. ReferencesNarayanan A., Sanjay Singh, & Somasekharan M. (2005). Implementing RFID in Library: Methodologies, Advantages and Disadvantages. Paper presented at the Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology, IGCAR – Kalpakkam, July 14-15, Kalpakkam. Retrieved from http://www.igcar.gov.in/igc2004/sird/readit2005.pdf#page=282 Sandhu, G., & Ukwoma, S. (2012). Awaking Stock taking practice in academic libraries; The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Nigerian Library Association @ 50: driving home the transformation agenda, Enugu, Nigeria. Retrieved from http://roar.u el.ac.uk/1771/1/Awaking%20Stocktaking%20practices.pdf Singh, J., Brar, N., & Fong, C. (2006). The State of RFID Applications in Libraries. Information Technology and Libraries, 25(1), 24-32. doi: 10.6017/ital.v25i1.3326. Vasishta, Seema (2009). Roadmap for RFID Implementation in Central library, PEC University of Technology. Paper presented in the International Conference on Academic Libraries, Delhi. Retrieved from http://eprints.rclis.org/17693/1/ical-49_196_414_1_RV.pdf Mr. Kabiru Danladi Garba, CLN, is a Librarian at Skyline University Nigeria. He has an MSc in Library and Information Sciences from Bayero University Kano, Nigeria. You can join the conversation on facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on twitter @SkylineUNigeria