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Knowledge update Usman Bello

How Emerging Technologies Are Reshaping Global Journalism: A New Era of Storytelling

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In a typical newsrooms of the 20th century, the clatter of typewriters and the hum of printing presses were the heartbeat of journalism. Today, the soundscape has changed. The quiet whir of servers, the tap-tap of keyboards, and the occasional ping of a notification have replaced the analog symphony of old. But the transformation runs deeper than just the tools of the trade. Emerging technologies are fundamentally reshaping how journalists gather, produce, and distribute news, while ushering in a new era of storytelling that is as exciting as it is unpredictable. From artificial intelligence to virtual reality, block chain to 5G, the global journalism industry is being redefined at breakneck speed. These technologies are not just enhancing traditional practices; they are creating entirely new possibilities for how we understand and engage with the world. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and the ethical implications of these advancements are as profound as their potential. One of such technologies is theArtificial intelligence (AI) which has become one of the most transformative forces in journalism. No longer confined to science fiction, AI is now a trusted ally in newsrooms worldwide. Algorithms can sift through vast amounts of data in seconds, uncovering patterns and trends that would take human reporters weeks to identify. This capability has proven invaluable in investigative journalism, where AI-powered tools like natural language processing (NLP) are used to analyze leaked documents, track corruption, and even predict emerging news stories. Tools like OpenAI’s GPT-4 are being used to also draft articles, generate headlines, and even suggest interview questions, blurring the line between human and machine-generated content. On the other hand, imagine standing in the middle of a war-torn city, witnessing the aftermath of a natural disaster, or walking through a historical event as it unfolds. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are making these experiences possible, by offering audiences a level of immersion that traditional media simply cannot match. Although, producing VR and AR content is resource-intensive, and not all audiences have access to the necessary hardware. As exciting as these advancements are, they come with a host of ethical challenges. The use of AI raises concerns about job displacement and the potential for algorithmic bias. Immersive technologies like VR can blur the line between reality and fiction, while block chain’s promise of transparency must be balanced against privacy concerns. And as 5G enables faster, more pervasive connectivity, the risk of surveillance and data breaches grows. Despite the rapid adoption of new technologies, one thing remains constant: the importance of human creativity and judgment. Technology can enhance storytelling, but it cannot replace the empathy, intuition, and critical thinking that define great journalism. The best stories are those that resonate on a deeply human level, connecting us to the shared experiences that bind us together. Therefore, journalists must navigate these complexities with care, ensuring that the pursuit of innovation does not come at the expense of integrity. Mr. Usman Bello Balarabe is an accomplished journalist, public relations practitioner; and media strategist with over five years of experience. He holds a first-class Honours bachelor’s degree in Mass Communication from Bayero University, Kano; and a master’s degree in Journalism and Mass Communication from Mewar University, India.

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AI & DECISION MAKING 19-2-2025

How AI and Automation Are Reshaping Leadership Decision-Making

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Introduction The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation into organizational systems is literally reshaping leadership decision-making. As businesses shift towards implementing these technologies, their leaders are now working in an ever more dynamic world where data-driven insights and predictive analytics are critical in guiding strategy and outcomes. Enhanced Decision-Making Capabilities AI-powered tools enable leaders to process vast amounts of data quickly and efficiently, allowing for more informed decisions. Traditional decision-making often relied on intuition and past experiences; however, AI provides access to real-time data analytics that enhances accuracy and reduces the risks associated with human error. According to a study published by Al-Bayed et al. (2025), AI integration has led to significant improvements in decision-making accuracy, as leaders can now leverage advanced analytics to make strategic choices based on comprehensive insights rather than incomplete information. Predictive Analytics is one of the key features of AI that allows leaders to forecast future trends and outcomes. By analyzing past data and identifying patterns, AI can forecast potential issues or opportunities, and leaders can plan ahead. This capability not only aids in risk management but also assists in strategic planning across various sectors, ranging from retail to finance. The Role of AI in Leadership Dynamics AI is reshaping leadership trends from traditional hierarchical frameworks to data-oriented and more participative frameworks. Leaders embracing AI technologies are becoming innovation enablers, using data to empower their teams and make informed decisions. This can be observed with companies becoming increasingly reliant on AI for resource management, budget planning, and business optimization. Furthermore, repetitive decision-making processes can be automated, allowing leaders to engage in more strategic tasks. By reducing administrative burdens, AI frees leaders’ time for more sophisticated thinking and creativity. However, leaders need to supplement AI-provided insights with emotional intelligence and human judgment since the nuances of human nature remain relevant in effective leadership. Benefits of AI in Leadership Decision-Making The advantages of incorporating AI into leadership practices are manifold: Challenges in Adopting AI Despite the numerous benefits, the integration of AI into leadership practices presents several challenges. Leaders must navigate ethical considerations related to AI usage, including potential biases embedded within algorithms and the implications of relying too heavily on automated systems for critical decisions. Furthermore, there is a pressing need for leaders to upskill themselves and their teams in order to effectively harness the capabilities of AI technologies. Conclusion The impact of AI and automation on leadership decision-making is profound and multifaceted. As organizations continue to evolve digitally, leaders must adapt their strategies to leverage these advanced technologies effectively. The future of leadership will likely be characterized by a blend of human intuition and AI-driven insights, creating a dynamic environment where decisions are informed by both data analytics and emotional intelligence. Embracing this duality will be essential for leaders aiming to navigate the complexities of modern business landscapes successfully. In summary, the integration of AI into leadership not only enhances decision-making but also necessitates a reevaluation of traditional leadership roles. As we move forward, the ability for leaders to adapt to these changes will determine their effectiveness in an increasingly automated world. This document synthesizes findings from various sources on the transformative effects of AI on leadership decision-making. Reference Al-Bayed, M.H., Hilles, M., Haddad, I., Al-Masawabe, M.M., Alhabbash, M.I., Abu-Nasser, B.S., & Abu-Naser, S.S. (2024). AI in Leadership: Transforming Decision-Making and Strategic Vision. International Journal of Academic Pedagogical Research, 8(9), 1-71. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

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Knowledge update 4-2-2025

Strategic Management in Startups: Challenges and Success Factors

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Introduction Strategic management is crucial for startups as it helps them navigate uncertainty, competition, and resource constraints. Unlike established firms, startups operate in highly dynamic environments, requiring adaptive strategies to achieve sustainability and growth (Blank & Dorf, 2020). This article examines the challenges startups face in strategic management and explores key success factors that contribute to their survival and expansion. Challenges in Strategic Management for Startups Startups often struggle with limited financial, human, and technological resources, which can hinder effective strategic planning (Bhide, 2019). Unlike large corporations, they lack the budget for extensive market research or advanced technological tools for strategic decision-making. Startups operate in volatile markets where customer preferences and industry trends change rapidly. Predicting market needs and making long-term strategic decisions is challenging due to this uncertainty (Ries, 2017). New businesses often compete with well-established companies that have strong brand recognition, loyal customers, and superior financial stability. This makes it difficult for startups to gain market share and sustain competitive advantage (Grant, 2021). Many startups struggle with transitioning from a small business to a scalable enterprise. Poor scalability strategies can lead to operational inefficiencies, cash flow problems, and business failure (Christensen, 2019). Entrepreneurs often have innovative ideas but may lack experience in strategic planning and management. Without strong leadership and guidance, decision-making can be reactive rather than proactive (Baron & Tang, 2018). Success Factors in Startup Strategic Management Successful startups embrace agile strategies that allow them to pivot when necessary. Companies like Airbnb and Uber adjusted their business models based on market demands, ensuring long-term viability (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2019). Despite financial limitations, strategic allocation of available resources can enhance performance. Prioritizing investments in key areas such as product development, marketing, and customer service can drive growth (Porter, 2020). Startups that succeed often introduce innovative solutions or differentiate themselves from competitors. Offering unique value propositions helps attract customers and investors (Schilling, 2021). Forming strategic alliances with investors, mentors, and industry experts can provide startups with market access, funding opportunities, and operational guidance (Gans & Stern, 2017). Understanding customer needs and integrating feedback into product development is vital. Startups that prioritize customer satisfaction build brand loyalty and improve their market positioning (Kotler & Keller, 2020). Conclusion Strategic management is essential for startups to overcome challenges and achieve sustainable growth. While resource constraints, market uncertainty, and competition pose significant hurdles, startups can succeed by adopting agile strategies, leveraging innovation, and fostering strategic partnerships. As the business landscape evolves, continuous learning and adaptability remain key drivers of startup success. References Baron, R. A., & Tang, J. (2018). Entrepreneurs’ social skills and new venture performance: Mediating mechanisms and cultural generality. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(2), 171-192. Bhide, A. (2019). The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses. Oxford University Press. Blank, S., & Dorf, B. (2020). The Startup Owner’s Manual: The Step-By-Step Guide for Building a Great Company. K&S Ranch. Christensen, C. M. (2019). The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Harvard Business Review Press. Gans, J., & Stern, S. (2017). Foundations of Entrepreneurial Strategy. Princeton University Press. Grant, R. M. (2021). Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text and Cases Edition. Wiley. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2020). Marketing Management. Pearson. Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2019). Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. Wiley. Porter, M. E. (2020). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Free Press. Ries, E. (2017). The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. Crown Business. Schilling, M. A. (2021). Strategic Management of Technological Innovation. McGraw-Hill Education.

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Knowledge update 27-1-2025

Content Creation: Aligning Brand Messaging with Personal Style

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Introduction In the digital age, content creation has emerged as a pivotal element for brands seeking to establish a strong presence and connect with their audience. The alignment of brand messaging with personal style is essential for creating authentic and engaging content that resonates with consumers. This paper explores the critical components of brand messaging, the importance of personal style, and strategies for harmonizing these elements to enhance brand identity and consumer engagement. Understanding Brand Messaging Brand messaging encompasses the way a brand communicates its value proposition, personality, and differentiators to its target audience. It serves as the foundation upon which a brand builds its identity and establishes relationships with consumers. Effective brand messaging is characterized by clarity, consistency, and character, which together foster emotional connections with the audience. Key Components of Brand Messaging Value Proposition: This defines what makes a brand unique and why consumers should choose it over competitors. A strong value proposition articulates the benefits that resonate with the target audience. Brand Personality: Just as individuals possess unique personalities, brands do too. Traits such as adventurousness or sophistication shape how a brand communicates and interacts with its audience. Tone of Voice: The tone reflects the attitude and style of communication used in brand messaging. It should be consistent across all platforms to reinforce brand identity. Key Messages: These are the core ideas that a brand wants to communicate, which should align with its overall values and mission. The Role of Personal Style in Content Creation Personal style refers to an individual’s unique expression through various forms, including fashion, communication, and creative output. In the context of content creation, personal style can significantly influence how messages are crafted and perceived by the audience. Aligning Personal Style with Brand Messaging Authenticity: Authenticity is crucial in both personal style and brand messaging. When content creators express their true selves, it fosters trust and relatability among audiences3. A strong alignment between personal style and brand messaging enhances credibility. Storytelling: Storytelling is an effective method for conveying both personal style and brand values. By sharing narratives that reflect their experiences and beliefs, brands can create emotional connections with consumers. For instance, campaigns like Dove’s “Real Beauty” highlight values such as inclusivity and self-acceptance through relatable stories. Visual Identity: The visual elements of content—such as graphics, colors, and layout—should reflect both personal style and brand identity. Consistent visual representation strengthens recognition and reinforces messaging across various platforms. Strategies for Aligning Brand Messaging with Personal Style To successfully align brand messaging with personal style, content creators can adopt several strategies: Define Core Values: Start by identifying key personal values that resonate with the target audience. This process involves narrowing down a list of values to those that will authentically represent both the individual and the brand1. Develop a Content Style Guide: A content style guide serves as a roadmap for maintaining consistency in voice, tone, visuals, and messaging across all content types. This guide should outline how personal style influences communication while adhering to brand identity. Engage with Audience Feedback: Regularly analyze audience engagement metrics to understand how well content aligns with their preferences. This feedback loop allows for adjustments in both messaging and personal expression to better meet audience needs6. Utilize Diverse Content Formats: Different formats—such as videos, blog posts, or social media updates—can showcase personal style while delivering core messages effectively. Tailoring content types to audience preferences enhances engagement and connection. Maintain Consistency Across Platforms: Ensure that all communications reflect a cohesive message that aligns with both personal style and brand identity. Consistency fosters familiarity and trust among consumers. Conclusion Aligning brand messaging with personal style is essential for effective content creation in today’s competitive landscape. By understanding the components of brand messaging—such as value propositions, personality traits, tone of voice, and key messages—content creators can develop authentic narratives that resonate deeply with their audiences. Through strategies like defining core values, creating content style guides, engaging with feedback, utilizing diverse formats, and maintaining consistency across platforms, brands can effectively harmonize their messaging with personal expression. Ultimately, this alignment not only strengthens brand identity but also cultivates lasting relationships with consumers in an increasingly crowded marketplace. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

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Knowledge Update 30-12-2024

Microbiome Engineering: A Frontier in Modern Medicine

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The human microbiome, a vast collection of microorganisms inhabiting the body, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Advances in microbiome engineering, the deliberate modification of microbial communities for therapeutic purposes, are revolutionizing modern medicine. This innovative field holds promise for addressing chronic diseases, improving mental health, and enhancing personalized medicine. In other words, Microbiome engineering is understanding change, update or even rewrite the program of microbial ecology. Compared to the conventional therapies that directly attack pathogens, microbiome engineering is involved in the reestablishment of the balance in the microbiota. This strategy holds great application to diseases resulting from dysbiosis that is an imbalance of specific microbial flora in our body. The Microbiome and Human Health The microbiome consists of trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, primarily residing in the gastrointestinal tract. These microorganisms are integral to digestion, immune function, and the synthesis of vital nutrients. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, has been linked to various conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, diabetes, and neurological disorders like depression and autism spectrum disorders (Fan & Pedersen, 2021). Engineering the Microbiome Microbiome engineering involves modifying microbial composition or function to restore balance or enhance health outcomes. Techniques include: Applications in Medicine Challenges and Ethical Considerations Despite its potential, microbiome engineering faces hurdles such as ensuring safety, achieving precise targeting, and understanding long-term impacts. Ethical concerns include consent for donor-derived therapies like FMT and equitable access to these innovations. Future Directions Advances in metagenomics, computational biology, and biomanufacturing are accelerating microbiome research. Precision microbiome engineering, leveraging patient-specific data, could transform therapeutic paradigms. Conclusion Microbiome engineering stands at the forefront of modern medicine, offering groundbreaking solutions to complex health challenges. As technology advances, its integration into clinical practice is poised to redefine the boundaries of healthcare. References You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

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KNOWLEDGE UPDATE 25-11-2024

Artificial Soil

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Artificial soil or engineered soil is an anthropogenic substrate, which in many ways resembles natural soil but is designed to possess certain properties on a controlled basis. Natural soils are physically weathered over time, decomposing organic matter, as well as relating to biotic factors, while artificial soils are needed in areas where natural soil is lacking, poor, or non-existent and are prepared purposefully to fulfil particular applications. Some of the fields that have adopted the use of artificial soils are agriculture, horticulture, civil engineering and even space technology. Despite this, they present a flexible solution to problems such as urbanization of soils, poor productivity, and food shortages. Artificial soil is normally prepared from one or many of these components that will imitate the natural soil in its physical, chemical, and biological aspects. These components can be organic materials, for instance, compost or peat and mineral conditioning materials, for instance, sand, clay, or perlite, and supplementary items, for instance, fertilizer, moisture retention material, and pH adjuster. It is the medium through which various aspects such as support for plants, nutrients and water, and microbial bodies should be provided in a manner that is easier to manage and modify than natural soil. Artificial soil is used frequently in urban environments to improve the quality of the soil or where the soil is not available at all usually in landscape gardening. In urban areas, artificial soil can be applied to green roofs, vertical farming, and other gardening projects to function as a space for known plant growth in areas with limited space present. They mimic natural soil types, with optimum nutrient content, structure, and permeability thus facilitating plant growth in areas where soil can be compacted or heavily polluted by urban development. In agriculture, artificial soil is gradually behaving as a saviour for the issues of soil erosion, desertification, and other forms of land degradation. Thus, artificial soil is the base for food growing in places where the natural soil has deteriorated due to overuse, pollution or climatic changes. Higher control over both the texture and structure of the soil as well as the nutrients it contains means more control over the yields and better utilization of resources such as water and space, which are potential scarcities in many places. Moreover, artificial soils can be designed to suit particular types of crops, and this is a much more effective means of producing crops than traditional soil management. Artificial soils are also extremely important for space missions in the modern world. Subsequent studies have been conducted to create artificial soil that may be used in space habitats, for instance, intended for Mars or the Moon, where the natural ground is not planted or not suitable for that purpose. Artificial soils are used when forming durable environments for life support systems in space. Soil engineers and scientists have strived to produce the appropriate soil type required for plant growth, in addition to recycling nutrients and organic matter. These enhancements in artificial soil may also prove to be significant in future manned space missions to meet the human basic needs of food production and better management of space environments. Some of the other significant arenas of application of artificial soils comprise agriculture other than crop farming space exploration, and environmental management. For instance, they can be applied in soil remediation to determine the efficiency of projects developed to remediate affected ground. Some artificial soils are made to possess some properties that allow them to capture contaminants, immobilize toxins or contain plants that assist in the detox process of the soil. These applications can be of much use during the redevelopment of industrial estates, the redevelopment of brownfield sites, or sites with high levels of heavy metals or hazardous waste. Therefore artificial soil can be described as an adaptable invention that gives numerous approaches in the fields of horticulture and landscaping, agriculture, reclamation of polluted areas and even outer space. As an imitation of natural soil and with its adjustable scale, artificial soil contributes to better land and resource utilization. In the light of emerging global issues like climate change, soil degradation, and food insecurity among others, the enhancement of artificial soil promises an optimistic possibility towards enhancing the stability of ecosystems and supporting life in varying difficult conditions. Bibliography Innocent Ojeba Musa, holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Microbiology, M.Tech in Environmental Microbiology, and a B.Tech in Microbiology all from the Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. He is a member of the American Society for Microbiology and Nigerian Society for Microbiology.  You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

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KNOWLEDGE UPDATE 12TH NOVEMBER 2024

Building a thriving Organization – Workplace Culture and trends Companies should deploy in 2024

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Every organization has its own corporate culture, which defines its company. It comprises the values and beliefs that an organization works around. A good and positive culture is likely to direct you towards the direction of success. Building a thriving organization is all about nurturing a culture that aligns with modern values, adaptability, and employee well-being. Here are some workplace culture trends that companies should consider phasing out in 2024 to build a healthier and more thriving organization: 1. Prioritize Mental Health and Wellness Initiatives Addressing mental health openly and actively has become essential for a supportive work culture. Organizations can provide access to mental health resources, implement wellness days, and offer programs like mindfulness workshops or therapy sessions. Fostering an open dialogue around mental health reduces stigma and allows employees to bring their whole selves to work. 2. Implement Continuous Feedback Systems Moving away from traditional annual reviews, continuous feedback enables real-time performance improvements and builds stronger manager-employee relationships. Companies are shifting towards more dynamic feedback methods, such as weekly check-ins, project debriefs, and self-assessment tools that provide employees with consistent guidance and growth opportunities. 3. Foster a Culture of Inclusivity and Belonging An inclusive culture is more than just diversity metrics; it’s about creating an environment where everyone feels valued and included. In 2024, organizations are focusing on inclusion initiatives that consider intersectional diversity, support affinity groups, and encourage open conversations about inclusion and equity. Leaders play a key role by modeling inclusive behaviors and supporting policies that ensure every voice is heard. 4. Focus on Purpose-Driven Work Employees increasingly seek meaningful work that aligns with their values. Organizations should clarify their mission and embed purpose into daily operations, encouraging employees to contribute to causes they care about, whether through volunteer days, sustainability efforts, or ethical business practices. Purpose-driven work motivates teams and fosters loyalty. 5. Invest in Learning and Development (L&D) Continuous learning opportunities are crucial in a rapidly changing world. In 2024, thriving organizations are offering customized learning pathways, micro-learning modules, and access to e-learning platforms. Encouraging skill development not only benefits employees’ careers but also enhances organizational agility and innovation. 6. Encourage Cross-Functional Collaboration Breaking down silos between departments enhances communication and creativity. Companies are increasingly creating cross-functional teams that bring diverse perspectives together, encouraging employees to contribute beyond their job roles. This collaborative culture drives innovation and creates a more cohesive team dynamic. 7. Build Stronger Employee Recognition Programs Acknowledging employees’ efforts goes a long way in building loyalty and motivation. In 2024, companies are innovating beyond traditional rewards by implementing peer-to-peer recognition, spotlighting accomplishments during team meetings, and offering personalized rewards. Recognizing achievements fosters a sense of value and reinforces a positive work culture. 8. Promote Sustainable Work Practices Sustainability has become a workplace priority, with organizations increasingly adopting eco-friendly practices and policies. Companies that promote green initiatives, such as recycling programs or digital work environments, reflect employees’ values and contribute positively to global efforts. By embracing these trends in 2024, companies can create a workplace culture that not only attracts top talent but also nurtures employee well-being, engagement, and loyalty. This approach fosters a resilient, innovative, and thriving organization poised to succeed in the modern world.  By reevaluating and discarding outdated practices, companies can foster a workplace culture that attracts and retains talent, boosts productivity, and strengthens employee satisfaction in 2024. Ms. Aisha Turaki Ibrahim is an Assistant Lecturer of the Department of Management, School of Arts, Management and Social Science, Skyline University Nigeria. She holds a Master’s Degree in International Business Management from Sheffield Hallam University (U.K) and a Bachelor of Science in Business Management from the American University of Nigeria (AUN). You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

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Investigation and Modelling of Barriers in Adoption of Blockchain Technology for Accounting and Finance: An ISM Approach

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Abstract Blockchain technology has attracted considerable attention from both academicians and industry players in different industries, such as accounting and finance, because of its transformative potential of re-engineering the process of operation and enhancing the level of required transparency in these industries. However, despite the various possibilities of transforming the accounting and finance sectors, there are still numerous challenges that hinder the further development of blockchain technology in the domain. The various obstacles to the adoption of blockchain in accounting and finance are interconnected and include a diverse set of issues related to technology, organization, regulations, and knowledge. To overcome these obstacles, it is necessary to take a comprehensive approach that includes improving technical proficiency, encouraging cooperation among stakeholders, negotiating intricate regulations, and cultivating a culture of innovation and adaptation within enterprises. KEYWORDS Blockchain, Blockchain Technology, Accounting, Finance, ISM, Interpretative Structural Modelling, Blockchain Adoption Barriers  Journal of Global Information Management Volume 32 • Issue 1 • January-December 2024 New technological tools can be incorporated in organizations; the systematization of their operations has modified the organizing frameworks and promoted innovation (Calderon-Monge et al., 2024; Broccardo et al., 2023; Bresciani et al., 2021). This kind of shift has been brought about due to factors such as the increased availability of powerful computers and large, extensive databases (Z. Wang et al., 2022). Thus, the enterprises of the internet and the platform type became the leaders in the rating of the most valuable enterprises at global levels (Bolek et al., 2023). A lot of attention is paid to such digital technologies as blockchain, artificial intelligence or AI, big data, and the internet of things or IoT, which are studied in academia, shared on social media, utilized in industries, and implemented in governments (Hemamalini et al., 2024, Behl et al., 2023, Pal et al., 2021). These innovations have far-reaching effects on both organizations and individuals (Behl et al., 2023; Nigam et al., 2023; Shet & Preria, 2021). One of the most popular innovations, blockchain technology is particularly noteworthy for serving as the foundation for the “internet of value,” which has the potential to fundamentally alter business and societal structures (Tapscott & Euchner, 2019). Blockchain, which is regarded as one of the cornerstones of the information technology revolution (Friedman & Ormiston, 2022; Thakkar, 2019), is expected to serve as the foundation for the internet of the future (Ali et al., 2019; Shermin, 2017). Blockchain is an important component of Industry 4.0 that allows it to function properly. The term “blockchain” was coined by Haber and Stornetta (1991) to refer to the process of recording time-stamped records. Later, blockchain was developed by an anonymous peer as a peer-to-peer digital cash system that entails elements of cryptographic proof rather than trust, eliminating the requirement for a trusted third party (Nakamoto, 2008). The utilization of digitized tokens on various distributed ledgers allows for peer-to-peer value exchange (Q. Wang et al., 2023; Evens et al., 2023; Mehdinejad et al., 2022), resulting in widespread acceptance across a variety of industries and sectors, including trade and government regulations (Pal et al., 2021; Bhaskar et al., 2021; Shi et al., 2023). Blockchain technology progresses through four distinct stages: Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0. Blockchain 1.0 evolved into virtual payment systems like Bitcoin, whereas Blockchain 2.0 broadened its uses to include smart contracts and other financial tools. Blockchain 3.0 expanded its scope beyond finance to include a variety of industries (Gupta et al., 2023; Tanwar, 2022: Mukherjee & Pradhan, 2021). Blockchain’s real-world applications are becoming more common in Industry 4.0 (Buthelezi et al., 2021). Blockchain, which is a digital database that is decentralized within a peer-to-peer network, records all transactions. Unlike centralized systems, transactions are vetted by anonymous participants and disseminated publicly via dispersed networks (Tanwar et al., 2024; Alam, 2020). Each transaction is linked chronologically and preserved permanently on the blockchain. This record of transactions leads to a formation of a chain of blocks known as the blockchain, which is devoid of central authority, making it tamper-proof and impervious to manipulation (Yesilyurt et al., 2023; Yaga et al., 2019). Figure 1 depicts how information is safely kept within a decentralized and distributed network using digital signatures. Blockchain is a distributed ledger system that uses hashing to encrypt transaction and relationship data, allowing all members in the network to have access (Du et al., 2023; Tiwari & Pal, 2023; Zhao Figure 1. Chain of blocks 3 Journal of Global Information Management Volume 32 • Issue 1 • January-December 2024 et al., 2016). The fraud-resistant characteristics of the system are reinforced by strong cryptographic encryption and ongoing monitoring of transactions, which discourages any attempts at manipulation (Ibrahimy et al., 2023: Chang et al., 2020). The technology has wider applications in major areas of business trade and society including, science, medical, supply chain, humanities, education, banking and finance, investments, and accounting and auditing (Bhaskar et al., 2021; Pal et al., 2021; Bartling, 2019). In accounting, dependability and security are of utmost importance due to the critical need for trustworthy information (Garanina et al., 2022). Blockchain provides notable advantages, especially in simplifying the reconciliation procedures between trading participants, which have historically been complex and time consuming (Gomma & Gomma, 2023). Improved financial reporting efficiency yields advantages for stakeholders such as investors, auditors, and financial markets. The professional community is currently considering and discussing the amalgamation of blockchain technology into various finance processes and traditional information systems (Fullana & Ruiz, 2021; Sun et al., 2023). Nevertheless, there are continuing concerns about the implementation of blockchain technology, namely, regarding its applicability to accounting, auditing, and financial reporting (Zhang et al., 2021). Furthermore, instances of cryptocurrency fraud have negatively affected the way people see blockchain technology (Grobys, 2021). Numerous cost-related obstacles accompany the implementation of blockchain technology in finance and accounting (Jameel & Rafiq, 2022; Bhaskar et al., 2021)). First, computational fees are levied on all transactions that take place on the blockchain network, contributing to the overall operating costs. Additionally, the use of blockchain technology in many

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KNOWLEDGE UPDATE October 28 2024

Development of Next-Generation Antibiotics Using Machine Learning

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In recent years, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant global health challenge, rendering many existing antibiotics ineffective against a growing number of infections. This situation has led researchers to explore innovative solutions, and one of the most promising avenues is the application of machine learning (ML) in the discovery and development of next-generation antibiotics. Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, involves the use of algorithms and statistical models to analyze and interpret complex data sets. By leveraging vast amounts of biological and chemical data, ML can identify patterns and relationships that might not be immediately apparent through traditional research methods. This capability is particularly valuable in the quest for new antibiotics, as it allows scientists to sift through extensive chemical libraries and biological information to identify potential candidates for development. One key advantage of using machine learning in antibiotic discovery is the ability to predict how various compounds will interact with bacterial targets. For example, researchers can input data about known antibiotic structures and their effectiveness against specific bacterial strains into ML algorithms. These algorithms can then generate predictions about the potential efficacy of new compounds, significantly speeding up the screening process (Lluka & Stokes, 2023). This approach not only saves time but also reduces the cost associated with traditional laboratory testing. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ML in identifying novel antibiotic candidates. A notable example is the work conducted by Stokes et al. (2020), who employed machine learning to analyze existing databases of chemical compounds. Their research led to the discovery of a new antibiotic, teixobactin, which showed remarkable efficacy against resistant bacterial strains. This breakthrough illustrates the potential of ML to uncover new solutions in the fight against antibiotic resistance. Moreover, machine learning can also be used to optimize the development process of existing antibiotics. By analyzing data related to the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of various compounds, ML algorithms can help scientists design safer and more effective drugs. This optimization process is crucial, as many promising antibiotic candidates fail during clinical trials due to safety concerns. By using ML to refine these compounds before testing, researchers can increase the likelihood of success in later stages of development (Mak et al., 2024). In addition to identifying new compounds, machine learning can aid in understanding the mechanisms of action of antibiotics. By examining how different drugs affect bacterial cells at the molecular level, researchers can gain insights into why certain bacteria develop resistance. This knowledge is essential for designing antibiotics that can outsmart resistant strains and remain effective over time. Despite its promising potential, the integration of machine learning into antibiotic development is still in its early stages. Researchers must overcome challenges such as the need for high-quality data and the complexity of biological systems. Moreso, ensuring that the predictions made by ML models translate into real-world effectiveness is an ongoing area of study. Collaboration between data scientists, microbiologists, and medicinal chemists will be essential to fully realize the benefits of this technology in antibiotic discovery (Miethke et al., 2021). In conclusion, the application of machine learning in the development of next-generation antibiotics offers a hopeful pathway in the battle against antibiotic resistance. By harnessing the power of data analysis and prediction, researchers can identify new antibiotic candidates, optimize existing drugs, and gain valuable insights into bacterial behavior. As the global health landscape continues to evolve, embracing innovative approaches like machine learning will be crucial for ensuring that effective antibiotics remain available for future generations. References Abdulsalam Mustapha is a Lecturer II in the Department of Microbiology at Skyline University Nigeria. He has completed his MSc in Microbiology from the University of Ilorin, Nigeria, where he specialized in Industrial and Pharmaceutical Microbiology. He has also acquired a BSc in Microbiology from the same university. 

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Knowledge Update October 21st 2024.

Am I an innovator or an intrapreneur? A perspective on Growth Mindset

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The world is full of problems, and most of humanity’s perspective towards the problems around it usually looks for people to solve the problems (economic, social, or any other type) for them. Then what about the remaining minority of them? They do not think about the problems, or they do not face any problems. Let us think from another dimension: Do these people look at problems to solve for themselves and others? Who are they? The answer is that they are the people who see the problems as an opportunity to learn and provide solutions by thinking out of the box. Whom we refer to as entrepreneurs/innovators/disruptors. Yes, these people live with us and are one among us, but the way they see the world around us is different from many of us. According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, there are over 582 million entrepreneurs globally, which is expected to grow by 15% in 2024. What makes these people or clans of entrepreneurs different from ordinary people? Are they blessed ones with no challenges or no issues in life? The answer to a few such questions is the growth mindset. These people are juxtaposed as fixed-mindset people who avoid challenges, cannot accept failure, and are reluctant to learn and experiment with new things. A Growth mindset believes that people’s intelligence and other abilities improve through effort and practice. People with a growth mindset view challenges as learning opportunities and believe they can succeed with enough work. According to Carol Dweck (2006) in her book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, the characteristics of Growth mindset are: People with a growth mindset are innovators, and they see the problems from their root cause and explore possible alternative solutions with an iterative approach. Innovators are also a set of people who believe in collaborations and build teams that work towards the problem with trust and believe in the ideas of the innovators. Now, the next question for which we can look for answers are Are these entrepreneurs born with the skills, or can they be made? Again, the answer is that entrepreneurs can make a methodical approach to nurturing the growth mindset with the right attitude and skills. A few methods are mentioned below: People with a growth mindset do not necessarily need to start enterprises to become successful entrepreneurs. If we follow the statistics from various sources, about 7% of the world’s population are entrepreneurs. This means that the remaining 93% see the world as full of problems, and others should solve their problems. This question, or such, made policymakers, educators, and visionary leaders break the barriers of formal education and skill training. Today, Entrepreneurship education is a core academic course offered for all disciplines across tertiary institutions worldwide to train young minds on growth mindset and entrepreneurial mindset to enable the youth to be self-employable and intrapreneurs to address the company’s challenges and provide feasible solutions.                                                                                                                         It’s all about how one can view the challenge as a problem or an opportunity, which is the differentiator between ordinary human beings and growth mindset individuals. References Mavuri, S., Chavali, K., & Kumar, A. (2019, November). A study on imperative innovation eco system linkages to map Sustainable Development Goal 9. In 2019 International Conference on Digitization (ICD) (pp. 142-147). IEEE. Dr. Sudha Mavuri is an Associate Professor in the Department of Economics, and the current Dean of Arts, Management and Social Science, Skyline University, Nigeria. She has a Ph.D in Economics, M.A in Economics and BA in History, Economics and Political Science with Economics Major from Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. 

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