Graphical abstract Introduction The increasing amount of biomass wastes which has led to serious environmental issues, coupled with unstable petroleum resources have prompted the need to explore the conversion of biomass wastes into value-added chemicals. About 100 billion metric tons of biomass waste material are produced yearly all over the world (Cho et al., 2020). Biomass waste includes a diverse range of materials such as municipal solid waste (MSW), forestry residues, agricultural wastes, fruit processing waste, and waste from other food processing industries (Zhou and Wang, 2020). Majority of these wastes are left in the field to decompose naturally, discarded in landfill space, or burned in the open for cooking, drying, and charcoal production, which not only has low efficiency but also causes significant environmental pollution such as greenhouse gas emissions and air quality deterioration. Hence, establishing an environmentally friendly and efficient strategy for utilizing and managing different kinds of biomass waste by converting them into high value industrial products for various medical, industrial and environmental applications is paramount. Biomass waste is expected to generate 20% of transportation fuels and 25% of industrial chemicals by 2030 (Clauser et al., 2021). Although, several approach such as physical, chemical, and biological techniques towards valorization of biomass waste have been explored and shown successful degradation over the year, they still have their shortcomings. Biological approach particularly enzymatic deconstruction has the potential to replace the current techniques adopted and generate higher yields, greater selectivity, and reduced costs, as well as the production of fewer inhibitory byproducts (Cho et al., 2020). This mini review summarizes the different types of biomass waste, various technologies employ in their valorization, and the types of high-value-added industrial chemicals derived from the wastes. Chemical constituents of biomass waste Biomass wastes can emanate from variety of sources namely; municipal pruning, agriculture and forestry, food and fruit processing industries, wood industries etc. These biomass wastes comprise of intricate matrix of three main constituents namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which must be broken-down to acceptable product yields (Clauser et al., 2021). Other components associated with biomass are lignin, collagen, gelatin, keratin, chitin, xylan, glucan etc. Cellulose is the most ubiquitous polymer, accounting for 40-50% of all plant and woody biomass by weight (Zhou and Wang, 2020). It is the biomass skeleton, and the protective layer is lignin. To form a lignin-carbohydrate complex structure, they are linked together by covalent bonds and non-covalent hydrogen bonds (Yin et al., 2021). The lignocellulosic matrix is formed by the strong bonding of these three components. As a result of the physical and chemical complexity of the constituents, efficient measures must be taken to fully expose the cellulose structure, increase cellulose effective contact with reactants, and enhance the conversion rate of biomass (Zhang et al., 2020). Hemicellulose is hydrogen-bonded to cellulose and covalently linked to lignin. Lignin is the main structural compound in the formation of plant cell walls, particularly in wood and bark due to its aromatic structure, which increases strength and rigidity. Lignin may have varying physicochemical properties depending on the type of biomass and extraction technique (Zhou and Wang, 2020). It acts as a protective shield for cellulose microfibrils, causing cellulose hydrolysis to glucose difficult. Furthermore, the lignin-hemicellulose link inhibits the deconstruction of cellulose microfibrils to pentose and hexose sugars. As a result, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) requires optimal pretreatment to remove the highest lignin content and degrade the cellulose into simple sugars via saccharification so that fermentative microorganisms can produce the most amount of targeted industrial chemicals (Clauser et al., 2021). Valorization of biomass waste into high-value-added industrial chemicals The concept of bio-converting waste resources into more valuable industrial chemicals and/or products is known as waste valorization (Gumisiriza et al., 2017). The various aforementioned waste materials can be converted into high-value-added industrial chemicals using different green processing technologies with the aim of reducing wastes deposited in the environment (Arancon et al., 2017). Several processing technologies such as physical (e.g. mechanical comminution, irradiation, microwave, ultrasonication, hydrothermal etc.), chemical (e.g. acid and alkaline hydrolysis, ozonolysis, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents etc.), physiochemical (e.g. steam explosion, supercritical fluid, wet oxidation etc.), and biological (use of enzymes and microbes) for biomass waste conversion into fine chemicals have previously and recently been explored. However, little or no success has been accomplished due to the recalcitrant nature of lignin posed by its tight cross-link with cellulose and hemicellulose (Ning et al., 2021). Therefore, to compensate for the problems accustomed with a single technique of biomass valorization, researchers now combine two or more pretreatment technologies with fewer shortcomings (Bhatia et al., 2021; Ning et al., 2021). This will also enhance biomass waste deconstruction, especially by focusing more on recent technologies that support lignin removal. The various high-value industrial chemicals that can be derived from waste biomass are broadly categorized into three groups namely; sugar and sugar alcohol (e.g. glucose, arabinose, mannitol etc.); biodiesel and esters; bio-oil, bio-char, and synthetic gas, which produce downstream chemicals like alcohols, polyols, carboxylic acids, organic acids, polymers, furan, bio-gas, liquid alkanes, and amino acids. All these chemicals show diverse industrial applications especially in the field of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biomedicals, food, fragrances, cosmetics, building, aerospace etc. (Ning et al., 2021). Conclusion The present mini-review highlights the significance and potential of lignocellulosic waste biomass for production of high-value industrial chemicals. The valorization of biomass wastes into high-value-added chemicals has drawn attention lately because of the projected decline in availability of petroleum resources (utilized for production of these industrial products via the conventional technology), as well as the unceasing increase in the amount of biomass waste generated in the environment. The high-value chemicals generated from the biomass waste have promising potential applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, food, and cosmetic industries, thus they are worthy of recovery. However, the currently available waste valorization technologies face various challenges ranging from cost and energy ineffectiveness to process inefficiency and environmental unfriendliness. Hence, further research on improving the existing biomass conversion technologies to become a green sustainable approach for valorization of our ever increasing

Artificial Intelligence (AI), the ability of a virtual PC or computer-manages robotic to carry out duties generally associated with human beings. The term is regularly carried out to the undertaking of growing structures endowed with the intellectual tactics characteristic of human beings, along with the capacity to cause, discover which means, generalize, or analyze from previous experiences. How does AI work? As the hype around AI has multiplied, providers had been scrambling to sell how their products and services use AI. Frequently what they refer to as AI is genuinely one factor of AI, such as device mastering. AI calls for a basis of specialized hardware and software Programme for writing and training machine learning algorithms. No one Programmeming language is synonymous with AI, but a few, consisting of Python, R and Java, are famous. In well known, AI structures work through ingesting huge amounts of labeled training dataset, analyzing the dataset for correlations and finding the new patterns, and the use of these styles to make predictions about future. In this manner, a chatbot this is fed examples of text chats can learn to produce sensible exchanges with humans, or an photograph recognition device can learn how to discover and describe objects in pix by way of reviewing hundreds of thousands of examples. AI Programmeming makes a specialty of three cognitive abilities: learning, reasoning and Self-correction. Artificial neural networks and deep learning knowledge of AI technologies are quickly evolving, commonly due to the fact AI procedures large quantities of data an awful lot faster and makes future predictions extra appropriately than humanly feasible. while the large quantity of data being created on a daily basis could bury a human researcher, AI Programmes that use ML algorithms can take that information and speedy turn it into actionable information. AI is costly due to use of huge data sets. Advantages Good for handling huge data sets. Can get future predictions. Time consuming. Accurate results can get. Disadvantages Experts needed to work with AI. References https://www.oracle.com/in/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/ https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence https://www.hpe.com/hpe/what_is_ai   Dr. M. Ashok Kumar is a Lecturer I in the Department of Computer Science, Skyline University Nigeria. He has a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Periyar University, India. You can join the conversation on facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on twitter @SkylineUNigeria

According to one estimate, the global protein ingredients market size is projected to surpass around US$ 114.6 billion by 2030 [1]. Meat is a major source of protein that is in high demand all over the world. The increased demand for high-protein foods has resulted from the world’s growing population. This demand is felt more acutely in developing countries such as Nigeria. Every day millions of people across the globe depend on meat supply from abattoirs. In Nigeria, over 1.3 million cows are slaughtered yearly, as cattle alone provide about 30 percent of the meat consumed in the country [2]. A slaughterhouse, also called an abattoir, is a facility where animals are slaughtered to provide animal meat for human consumption. The Kano abattoir, which is located in the metropolis Wambai quarters, is one of the state’s primary meat processing facilities, from which raw meat products are processed and supplied across the state’s 44 Local Government Areas, as well as neighboring states and countries The abattoir in Kano is almost 60 years old [3]. Kano abattoir was built in 1963 by Sir Ahmadu Ibrahim Bello the late premier of Northern Nigeria. At the time of the abattoir construction, butchery was not considered to be a serious business; however, it had state-of-the-art facilities at that time. But because of the cultural and religious practices the machines installed were never put to use. Later, when the demand for meat increased there was tremendous pressure exerted on this abattoir which lacked the facilities of modern slaughter house such as mechanical slaughtering and cold storage etc. Demand was voiced for an alternative slaughterhouse. The first governor of Kano State Audu Bako attempted to shift the abattoir to another location with better facilities but the butchers refused to relocate to the facility due to ignorance of the long-term benefits. As a result the Kano abattoir still functions without modern slaughtering facilities [4]. An effort was made to evaluate the sanitary conditions of the Kano slaughterhouse [5]. The investigation aimed to assess the hygiene and sanitary conditions prevailing in the abattoir. The study indicated the condition of the slaughterhouse to be very poor. Due to the heavy load of slaughtering and the non-adoption of modern technology the condition of the slaughterhouse has become very filthy (figure 1).  Due to its highly nutritive nature carcass is prone to microbial infection if not processed properly, which lead to deterioration in meat quality, and even can cause food poisoning. Few samples that were collected from the abattoir site for microbial analysis indicated the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Salmonella typhii and Streptococcus pyogenes. Among the microbes isolated, Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage of occurrence of (27%) while Proteus mirabilis had the least percentage of occurrence of (3%).   There is an urgent need for the modernization of the Kano abattoir. Drastic changes had happened in the last 50 years and demand for meat has increased many folds. Without adopting modern methods it is very difficult for slaughterhouses to keep quality standards. A few slaughterhouses were recently closed by the Government due to the unhygienic environment in which they operate [6]. The financial implication because of eating contaminated food is a huge and serious health concern. The outbreak of certain infectious diseases such as cholera, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, and other parasitic worms can be directly linked with contaminated meat consumption. It is high time to initiate a serious discussion with all the stakeholders to highlight the importance of providing good quality meat for the consumers. References: Food and Beverages – Protein Ingredients Market. https://tinyurl.com/ycktmbtt Akinfenwa G. Risking contaminated meals over unsanitary abattoirs, poor meat processing. The Guardian 2022, 13 February. https://tinyurl.com/2j5azs77 Ngbokai RP. Kano abattoir in dire need of modern facilities. Daily Trust 2019, 09 Jan. https://tinyurl.com/29yv637w Ngbokai RP. State of 58-Year-Old Kano abattoir. Daily Trust 2021, 21 March. https://tinyurl.com/2p9mfvk6 Ali Z S. Assessment of operational facilities and sanitary practices in a slaughter house in Kano, Nigeria. B.Sc. Dissertation submitted to Skyline University Nigeria, 2022. Aliyu A. Edo Govt shuts 3 more abattoirs over unhygienic environment. Vanguard 2018, October 11. https://tinyurl.com/yc3496ph   Dr. Sanjoy Kumar Pal is a Professor of Biology in Skyline University Nigeria. He has a PhD. in Animal Genetics from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India. You can join the conversation on facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on twitter @SkylineUNigeria