Introduction Journalism, as an act of information gathering and dissemination, has been in existence since time immemorial. Since human beings ‘cannot, not communicate’, the art of information gathering, processing and dissemination are sacrosanct to human civilization and development. In contemporary times, journalism has metamorphosed from its parochial scope in the age of Acta Diurna to a more advanced and more sophisticated practice attracting praise and scorn. The migration of human civilization from traditional society to the age of mass consumption as averse by Rostow 1960 (Rogers, 1976) not only transformed the societies economically but reshaped the media landscape drastically. As societies evolved, so does the media of communication and journalism practice. The continuous evolution of society portends occasional cultural shock. What was hitherto untoward or unheard of are normalized.  As this trend persists, journalism practitioners are at the receiving end of the continuous renegotiation among people in society as a result of the cultural shock. This sometimes led to conflict and violent uprisings. Journalism by its scope and orientation triumphs on drama, conflict and bizarre. The public wants the oddity. News is dictated by the unusual. And the societies keep serving the unusual through unforeseen circumstances like terrorism, banditry, ethnic uprising, coup, protest, amongst others.  According to Cottle (2017), the pursuit of oddities and the urge to keep the public updated sometimes subject journalists to threats and assault due to rampant conflict instigated by state and non-state players. The wake of insurgency in Nigeria tested the resolve of Nigerian journalists and they perform professionally without prior preparation, safety mechanism, welfare, institution backing, reporting guideline, protection gears, and most importantly, safety education (AbdulSalam, 2021). Therefore, there is a need for the inclusion of safety education as part of the mass communication and journalism training curriculum in Nigeria. Journalism Safety The concept of journalism safety transcends press freedom. It encompasses all forms of activities geared towards ensuring the protection of journalists from impunity through the media structure, media law, media ownership, access to media, digital inclusion, media literacy, gender, and journalism education (Carlsson, Pöyhtäri, 2017).  The safety of journalists must be guaranteed in line of duty for them to perform their functions optimally. For journalists to be regarded as operating in a safe environment, all the nine layers and types of safety challenges must be absent which are: physical, psycholog­ical, financial, legal, social and emotional, gen­der-specific, digital, topic-specific, and public risks (UNESCO, 2017). Jamil (2017) opines that physical risks connote the risk of being hurt or attacked in the line of duty. Psychological risks denote hassle and tension that may impede the chance of a journalist to carry out their duty freely and safely. Financial risks refer to the fear of job insecurity, pay-scale discrepancy and forced loss of job appointment. Legal risks comprise the availability of impunity for an attack on journalists; prejudicial trial against journalists; misapplication and misappropriation of laws against journalists and the availability of draconian media laws.  Social and emotional risks are the type of risks relating to apprehension, phobia, dejection, misdemeanor and lower self-esteem that occurs due to the country’s specific social milieu or a journalist’s immediate environment (i.e., workplace’s environment and socio-political environment). Gender-specific risks are those forms of risks that a journalist may come across as a result of their gender. This might be in the form of sexual assault, rape, harassment, discrimination and coercion. Digital risks are the online dangers that result from hacking, insult or aggressive e-mails or mobile messages and denigrating comments on social media. And finally, public risks connote all threats that occurred due to violent, unethical and condescending attitudes of local inhabitants towards journalists, such as verbal abuse and physical harm or attacks (Jamil, 2017). Need for Safety Education in Nigeria Globally, scholars have written extensively on the need for journalism safety and safety education. However, explicating the literature divulge a pattern of catchup in Africa and Nigeria to be specific (Pate, Oso, Jibril, 2017). In most African countries, the inclusion of safety education as part of the curriculum is mostly not available. Those institutions found to offer courses relating to safety mostly focused on conflict-sensitive reporting (Pate, Oso, Jibril, 2017). Meanwhile, safety education is central and fundamental to the safety of journalists on the field. Mardaras, Gonzalez, Penin (2017) argued that professional working conditions, journalists’ training and their professional experience, and safety training and equipment are the three cardinal principles of ensuring the safety of journalists covering dangerous beats.  In absence of training, journalists are bound to face dangers that might cost them their lives. Advanced countries with less risk have designed Programmes that cater to journalist safety education. In Spain for instance, the military provides trained journalists on safety and how to navigate dangerous terrain (Mardaras, Gonzalez, Penin, 2017). In the United States of America, a body called the Global Security Journalist provides training for journalists (Murthy, 2018). However, in Nigeria, despite the enormous risk journalists are exposed to, our higher institutions of learning are yet to mainstream safety training as part of their curriculum. Although some universities offer courses on conflict-sensitive reporting and peace journalism, most of them do not have courses specifically focusing on journalists’ safety as practiced globally.     Safety Education Curriculum We cannot over emphasis the importance of providing safety education to journalists in the face of dangers portend by the media working environment. Therefore, the Nigerian safety education curriculum should be modeled in such a way that will cover safety protocol, reporting manual, environmental awareness, exit plan, among others.  The curriculum should factor in the peculiarities of the modern safety threats journalists in Nigeria are experiencing. The curriculum should expose students to:  The element of risk, incident reporting guidelines and importance of the choice of refusal;  Hostile environment, First Aid, basic rules to follow and psychosocial support;  Assignment-specific safety advice and training; Insurance which includes regular correspondents against bodily harm, loss of life, property and equipment;  Legal protection and litigation support to fight impunity;  Resources, protective gear and finances required to cover dangerous or risky assignments;  Debriefing

Introduction Electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by gasoline-driven cars. Manufacturers around the world are focusing mostly on electric bands as a result of new technologies and legislation. Electric Vehicles (EVs) have the potential to eliminate the use of fossil fuels in the transportation industry for both passenger luxury vehicles and commercial carriage. Electrification of the transportation industry can also result in better energy efficiency and lower pollution levels in the local area. There are legitimate concerns, however, about meeting future energy demand for charging electric vehicle batteries with clean and renewable sources. More critically, the supply risks of essential material resources utilized in electric vehicle batteries highlight the question of long-term sustainability of electric vehicles. EV’s Existing and New Brand – Everyone is working on electric vehicles, from well-established existing manufacturer brands such as Audi A6 e-Tron, BMW i4, Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, Bollinger B2, Cadillac Lyriq, Chevrolet Silverado Electric, Ford Explorer EV, Honda Prologue, Hyundai Ioniq 5, Kia EV6, Lexus EV SUV, Mercedes-Benz EQA, Toyota bZ4X Concept, Volkswagen ID.8, Volvo C40 and new company’s brand such as Byton, Lordstown, Genesis Electrified G80, Subaru Solterra and Rivian. The battery only sources of power Hybrid vehicles – These vehicles combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor that recharges while the vehicle is in indication. Plug-in hybrids – These vehicles also have combustion engines and rechargeable batteries, but the batteries may be charged immediately when the vehicle is plugged in. Fuel-cell vehicles – These vehicles produce their own power using onboard hydrogen fuel. They do not need to be plugged into an outlet to recharge. How do electric cars work? – Let’s take a deep look at how electric cars function, as well as some of the most pressing problems that they raise. We will concentrate on all-electric vehicles rather than hybrids or plug-in hybrids. We’ll keep things easy for now and just go through the essentials. Electric cars have an electric motor that drives the vehicle’s wheels. These motors are powered by batteries that are normally found in cars and trunks. A second or substitute battery is frequently used to power the electrics, lights and other such items. Electric automobiles have rechargeable batteries that can be charged from the power grid. This necessitates the use of a wall-mounted charger or rapid charger stations. Electric cars, of course, require a mechanism to regulate the amount of electricity drawn from the batteries to power the motor. A control unit is utilized for this operation with joint functioning of advantage of the accelerator. How electric cars affect the environment – Battery Electric cars, unlike traditional cars that operate on petrol or LPG or diesel, typically run on energy stored in their batteries. Electric car lithium-ion batteries may be recharged by plugging them into an external electrical socket. Owners may charge their cars at home or a commercial charging station by installing a charging port. Most electric vehicles have a driving range of roughly 200 miles (322 kilometers) per charge, which is suitable for regular trips. Emissions – Electric cars emit fewer pollutions into the atmosphere than traditional vehicles which re operating with fuels such as petrol or diesel. However, some people believe that making an electric car battery produces more CO2 than creating a standard vehicle. Electric car makers have taken many initiatives to address this problem, including reducing the usage of ecologically destructive kinds of energy in facilities. Despite their disadvantages throughout the manufacturing process, electric cars emit considerably less hazardous pollutions during their lifetime than gas or fuel-powered vehicles. Automobile manufacturers in the car segment from Japan, China, the USA, Germany, France and India are contributing their excellence significant attempts to innovate best world standards electric cars.  Maintenance costs – The original cost of an electric-powered car tends to be higher than that of a petroleum or diesel vehicle. But the running and maintenance costs in electric-powered vehicles are comparatively very low than fossil gas or fuel-based vehicles. With traditional cars, engine maintenance costs a tremendous amount of cash on changing the engine oil, coolant, transmission fluid and belts. For electric-powered automobiles, such costs disappear due to the absence of inner combustion engines. The maximum substantial possible maintenance and depreciation expenses on change of spares take place whilst changing a battery pack. However, the manufacturer’s battery assurance covers the cost in maximum cases. In addition to this, the buyers of electric cars in the course of action, are entitled to tax credit or incentives.  By 2030, the largest automotive markets will go electric- EVs will need to account for 75% of worldwide passenger car sales, which is much faster than the industry’s present development. We anticipate that Europe, as a regulatory-driven market with favorable consumer demand trends, will electrify the fastest and will continue to lead the world in EV market share. Several nations have already pledged an end to ICE sales by 2030, in addition to the European Commission’s objective of about 60% EV sales by 2030. In accordance with this, seven OEM brands in the European Union have promised to sell 100% electric vehicles by 2030. In the most likely expedited scenario, consumer adoption will outpace regulatory expectations, with Europe’s EV market share reaching over 75% by 2030. Conclusion – Electric cars are more environmentally friendly than internal-combustion cars. Batteries are being designed to last for a long time with minimum assurance and warranty. Battery recycling will become economically feasible as electric cars become increasingly common. Other energy sources, such as fuel compartments and renewable fuels are being researched, making the future of electric automobiles appear brighter. With the exception of the battery, electric car technology is simple enough that old automobiles may be changed from combustion to electric. References https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/electric-vehicles-future-transport https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/why-the-automotive-future-is-electric https://www.kia.com/dm/discover-kia/ask/are-electric-cars-the-future.html   Dr.S.SENTHILKUMAR is currently working as Assistant Professor in Finance and Management, Skyline University, Nigeria. He has PhD from  Anna University, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria