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Knowledge update 10-6-2025

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Entrepreneurial Ventures

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Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is deeply revolutionizing entrepreneurial enterprise, reconfiguring the ways in which startups and existing businesses create value, innovate, and compete in the era of digitalization. This article investigates the complex influence of AI on entrepreneurship, identifying opportunities and challenges that characterize this evolving scene. AI as an Entrepreneurial Innovation and Efficiency Catalyst AI technologies have introduced a paradigm shift in entrepreneurship by automating routine tasks, enhancing decision-making, and enabling the creation of novel products and services. Entrepreneurs leverage AI-driven tools to streamline operations, reduce costs, and improve productivity. For instance, AI-powered automation allows startups to handle customer interactions through chatbots, manage marketing campaigns with precision, and analyze big data for strategic insights without heavy upfront investments in infrastructure. This automation not only decreases entry barriers but also makes scaling easier. Startups can develop quickly by implementing AI solutions that can handle growing volumes of work in an efficient manner such as virtual assistants and predictive analytics platforms. Such a solution enables entrepreneurs to manage their resources much more optimally and hence react to market needs much faster, this means a competitive advantage. Boosting Creativity and Strategic Decision-Making Unlike fears of stifling human creativity, most experts maintain that AI enhances entrepreneurial creativity by alleviating entrepreneurs from mundane tasks and offering data-driven insights that spark innovation. AI allows entrepreneurs to reveal latent patterns within customer behavior, to customize products and services, and to create customized solutions that address distinct market demands. This enhancement creates a more customer-focused strategy and unlocks new channels for creative problem-solving. In addition, AI reduces uncertainty in strategic decisions. Its forecasting nature helps entrepreneurs judge risk and opportunities better, and hence more informed decisions in creating and growing ventures. This is especially useful where markets are dynamic, and responses need to happen on the spur of the moment. Job Transformation and New Entrepreneurial Roles While AI may displace some jobs, it simultaneously creates new roles and opportunities within the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Emerging fields such as AI validation, integration consulting, and AI-driven service provision are expanding the scope of entrepreneurship. Micro-entrepreneurs increasingly use AI tools to assist with grant applications, advertising, and social media management, thereby enhancing their operational efficiency and market reach. Furthermore, AI-driven fintech services reduce financing costs and democratize access to capital, empowering more entrepreneurs to launch ventures with fewer financial constraints. This democratization of resources fosters inclusivity and broadens participation in entrepreneurial activities. Ethical and Regulatory Considerations The rapid spread of AI in entrepreneurship propels important ethical questions and some challenges in regulation. Issues like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and job displacement call for strict considerations when deploying responsible AI use. Policy-makers, especially in regions such as the European Union, are leading the efforts in regulation that balance innovation with protection of individual rights and equitable economic benefits. Entrepreneurs must navigate these complexities by integrating ethical considerations into their AI strategies and maintaining transparency with stakeholders. Sustainable AI implementation is essential to build trust and foster long-term success in entrepreneurial ventures. Impact on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems AI also reshapes entrepreneurial ecosystems by altering traditional elements such as knowledge sharing, collaboration, and geographic constraints. Digital platforms powered by AI facilitate the diffusion of innovation and create new networks that transcend physical boundaries. This evolution enhances the dynamism and resilience of entrepreneurial communities, enabling faster knowledge exchange and co-creation of value. Conclusion The impact of artificial intelligence on entrepreneurial ventures is profound and multifaceted. AI drives innovation, improves operational efficiency, and lowers barriers to entry, enabling entrepreneurs to scale rapidly and compete effectively. It enhances creativity and strategic decision-making while creating new job opportunities and transforming existing roles. However, these benefits come with challenges related to ethics, regulation, and workforce displacement that require thoughtful management. Entrepreneurs who successfully harness AI’s potential while addressing its risks will be well-positioned to thrive in the rapidly evolving business landscape of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. AI is not just a tool but a transformative force that redefines entrepreneurship for the digital era. References  Evidence2Impact, “Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Entrepreneurship,” March 28, 2024.  Mostafa Shahat, “The impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Entrepreneurship Creativity,” June 25, 2023.  R. Vaishnavi, “Impact Of Artificial Intelligence On New Venture Creation And Business Innovation,” IJCRT, July 2023.  Frank Fossen, “Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship,” IZA Discussion Paper No. 17055, June 2024.  SSRN, “The Impact of AI on Entrepreneurship in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution,” August 26, 2023. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

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Knowledge update 5G 3-6-2025

5G Technology and its Key Impact on Communication

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Introduction The fifth generation of wireless communication technology, or 5G, is a significant improvement over earlier iterations (1G to 4G). 5G, which promises faster speeds, reduced latency, and more dependable connections, is already revolutionizing communication between gadgets and people. Beyond just speedier phones, 5G expands on earlier generations (1G to 4G) by enabling smart cities, driverless cars, remote healthcare, industrial automation, and more. 5G makes use of cutting-edge technology like beamforming and network slicing, runs on new frequency bands, and uses small cells for dense coverage. 5G is a platform for a completely connected, data-driven future, not just an improvement over 4G. Important overview of its key impacts in 5G Technology Impact: Compared to 4G, 5G offers data rates that are up to 100 times quicker. Result: Makes video conversations, cloud gaming, and virtual meetings more seamless by enabling almost instantaneous downloads and more fluid streaming of high-resolution information. Impact: It is possible for latency to decrease to as little as 1 millisecond. Result: Essential for real-time applications where delays can be expensive or hazardous, such as industrial automation, driverless cars, and remote surgery. Impact: Up to one million devices per square kilometer can be supported by 5G. Result: Essential to the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling highly dependable and efficient operations in smart homes, factories, and cities. Impact: Improved stability and less signal losses or dropped calls. As a result, mission-critical communication services like healthcare systems, emergency response, and financial transactions are supported. Benefits of 5G Technology Impact: Increased bandwidth and capacity. As a result, users will enjoy speedier, continuous mobile services in crowded places (like concerts or sporting events). Healthcare: Facilitates robotic surgery, telemedicine, and remote diagnostics. Education: AR/VR enhances virtual classes. Business: Facilitates cloud computing, AI integration, and real-time collaboration. Entertainment: Enables immersive experiences such as 360° live sports streaming and virtual reality concerts. Costs associated with infrastructure: necessitates upgrading old towers and deploying small cells densely. Security: With increased connection and IoT integration, new threats surface. The digital divide may cause access and affordability issues in low-income and rural communities. Conclusion 5G represents a fundamental change in communication technology, not just a speed boost. In the digital age, it makes possible quicker, smarter, and more interconnected systems that will completely change how people interact, how companies run, and how society runs. Faster speeds, extremely low latency, and extensive device connectivity are made possible by 5G technology, which represents a revolutionary advancement in wireless communication. Its possibilities extend well beyond enhancing mobile internet; it is the foundation for breakthroughs such as the Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, driverless cars, and advanced healthcare. 5G is establishing the foundation for the upcoming generation of digital infrastructure by facilitating enormous data needs and real-time communication. To guarantee that its full potential is achieved, however, issues like expensive deployment costs, security worries, and fair access must be resolved. In summary, 5G is a key enabler of the global digital transformation, not merely the future of mobile networks. References Dr. A. Senthil Kumar is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and the current Dean of the School of Science and Information Technology (SSIT) in Skyline University Nigeria. He has completed his Ph.D. in Computer Applications in June 2017 from Manonmaniam Sundarnar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Knowledge Update 26-5-2025

Fostering Grassroots Innovation: Empowering the Individual as a Catalyst for Change

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Introduction Innovation has normally been associated with high capital expenditures, specialized buildings, and formalized research facilities (Dosi, 1982). However, a closer look shows that most often innovation arises from grassroots action and everyday problem-solving. This position aligns with bottom-up innovation, which is solution-oriented in terms of innovations arising from local necessity and making use of locally available resources (Zajda et al., 2020; Jones et al., 2021). The general premise is that the potential for innovation lies within each individual, particularly among student populations, and may be cultivated by an engaged attitude toward finding and closing perceived gaps. The Genesis of Everyday Innovation The proverbial saying, “Necessity is the mother of invention” (Plato, quoted by Shakespeare, n.d.), illustrates the very essence that drives innovation. For a student, they are constantly beset with problems of logistics, social, or environmental in nature that, while appearing trivial, have a significant impact on their everyday existence. It is in such moments of resistance and unmet needs that the roots of innovation are sown. In the words of Schumpeter (1934), innovation involves the “creative destruction” of existing orders and creation of new combinations. It involves, on the micro-level, rethinking mundane routines, inventing novel solutions to chronic troubles, or leveraging existing resources to the maximum. Examples of such everyday innovation include everything from creating special applications to streamline learning processes, from recycling materials to develop eco-friendly solutions, or from adopting alternative energy sources in a bid to deal with infrastructural limitations. These instances evidently depict that innovation relies neither on extremely sophisticated laboratories nor enormous amounts of funding but on a mindset of inquiry, analytical thinking, and a willingness to challenge the status quo (Valtonen et al., 2023; Valtonen & Lehtinen, 2023). Case Studies: Student-Led Innovation and Tangible Impact The ability of individual initiative to result in great change is attested through several student-led projects. For instance, a report indicates that students in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) succeeded in initiating “RecyclArt,” a venture that recycles plastic garbage into eco-friendly furniture (Ejiofor, 2023). Besides fulfilling an environmental goal, this project gives rise to economic empowerment in the sense of job creation, which underscores the ripple impact of bottom-up innovation. Similarly, Ibadan students reportedly developed solar-powered telephone chargers out of waste materials to offset the impact of erratic power supply on their performances (Oyeniran, 2021). Babcock University had one student develop an attendance monitoring lecture application, which soon went across departments (Ogundipe, 2022). More broadly, African developing nations are increasingly looking towards new water technologies, such as solar-pumped water and fog harvesting, often utilizing indigenous knowledge to create sustainable water systems (UN SDGs, n.d.). These illustrations highlight a number of key features of student-led innovation: resourcefulness, wherein innovators use scarce resources to develop efficient answers; problem-orientation, as a result of close exposure to, and wish to solve, particular issues; proactive action, wherein students create chances actively rather than simply waiting for solutions to appear; and scalability, wherein early, focused solutions frequently have the potential to be applied and extend their impact more widely. These experiences entice social entrepreneurship models where the individual identifies social problems and comes up with innovative solutions to address them, often serving as a dual bottom line of sustainability and social contribution (Venkatesh Mukesh et al., 2024; Zlateva, 2024). Cultivating the Innovator’s Mindset: A Practical Framework While not everyone would be “innovators by birth,” innovative thinking can be developed and constructed (Sternberg, 1985). The initial step in doing so is to develop an increased sensitivity to the surrounding environment and to observe where innovation can take place. This involves a shift from simply observing to actually questioning: “What’s a problem that irks me on a regular basis? How do I fix this?” (Drucker, 1985). Subsequent stages are ideation, brainstorming concepts without worrying about their initial viability, encouraging venturing out of conventional thinking patterns and embracing seemingly unorthodox solutions (Albar & Southcott, 2021). Prototyping and iteration follow, embracing early versions being incomplete or even collapsing. The history of innovation is replete with examples of iterative development, mistakes offering lessons that make later attempts better (Christensen, 1997). The mentality, “Start where you are. Use what you have. Do what you can” (Arthur Ashe, as cited in ESPN, n.d.), encapsulates this pragmatic strategy. Finally, team work and feedback are also critical because dialogue with other students, mentors, and potential users to get feedback and refine solutions guarantees that innovation is never one individual’s effort, while constructive criticism has the power to leave a lasting legacy on the quality and practicability of an innovation (Beni, 2021; Nurturing Innovation, 2024). Beyond the Individual: Collective Impact and Legacy Individual problem-solving extends beyond personal ease; it creates a shared impact. Every in-place solution has the possibility of diminishing loads for a greater population, therefore magnifying its impact and having a legacy for good (Rogers, 2003). This perspective challenges the notion that only large impact is left to founded organizations or post-graduation activities. As Steve Jobs once famously advocated, “The people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who do” (Apple Inc., 1997). Empowering individuals, particularly students, to have faith in their own capability to solve problems brings about an abundance where improvement and adaptive solutions are the way of life. It provides one with the confidence of belief in oneself to be able to bring about change regardless of socioeconomic background or resource availability. The core requirement is belief in the potential for transformation by the mind, hands, and heart. Conclusion Last, innovation is not an abstract world but an actual capability that resides within every individual. By shifting the limelight from grandiose, institutionalized endeavors and focusing it on the location and empowerment of neighborhood problem solvers, particularly students, we can access an enormous reservoir of creative potential. The individual who has successfully passed over a challenge for others, created a solution from limited resources, or located an optimized process has truly demonstrated innovative capacity. The mandate is not to innovate, but

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Knowledge update May 21-5-2025

How Artificial Intelligence can revolutionize Secondary School Education in Nigeria

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Introduction Nigeria stands to gain much from the rapid transformation of the global education system brought about by artificial intelligence (AI).AI technologies through STEM can strengthen the educational system in the country in structure and delivery of service. Despite existing challenges in infrastructure, equitable access, and digital literacy, advancements from programs like the Universal Basic Education (UBE) program continue to drive progress within the Nigerian education system. For Nigerian families, education is a top priority since it is seen as a means of achieving both socioeconomic and personal development. As a result, incorporating AI into secondary school is not merely a novel idea; rather, it is essential. Nigeria can better prepare its children for success in the information economy of the twenty-first century by utilizing AI’s power to democratize access to high-quality education, improve teacher capacity, and personalize instruction. Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) The use of intelligent systems to improve the delivery of education is known as artificial intelligence in education (AIED). These technologies are made to automate operations that have historically required human labor, evaluate data, and adjust to each learner’s unique needs. AI-powered systems such as DreamBox and Knewton tailor the way content is delivered to each student according to their learning preferences and pace. While systems like Coursera and Duolingo use natural language processing (NLP) to provide dynamic, adaptive learning experiences, tools like Gradescope automate grading. Real-time feedback, early detection of difficult pupils, and enhanced accessibility for students with impairments are all made possible by artificial intelligence in education. Additionally, by facilitating adaptive learning pathways and enhancing information delivery via immersive technologies like virtual and augmented reality, AI promotes lifelong learning. However, rigorous data protection regulations, ethical frameworks, and intensive teacher training are necessary to fully realize AIED’s potential. Nigerian Secondary Schools Need AI Integration Experts like Abel Aboh are calling for swift action to integrate AI into Nigerian secondary schools, and the cry is becoming stronger. Aboh emphasizes that in order to enable future generations to not only use technology but also to develop with it, AI and digital skills must be introduced from an early age. Nigeria runs the risk of lagging behind as AI is quickly incorporated into educational institutions throughout the world. There are other obstacles, such as the fact that many schools still lack computers, internet connection, and qualified staff. AI, on the other hand, has the potential to be a game-changing equalizer by providing standardized, superior resources regardless of location. Early AI exposure can open up new employment possibilities in technology, data science, and creativity while preparing kids for a digital economy. Though experts advise expanding this to at least 10 million, Nigeria’s initiatives to train three million young people in tech skills are a promising beginning. In order to establish a clear policy direction, Aboh also highlights the necessity of passing the Digital Economy Bill and completing the national AI plan. Nigeria will be positioned as a progressive, technologically inclusive nation by addressing the digital divide, improving infrastructure, and expanding AI education. AI Transforms Teaching and Learning AI is completely changing the way that people learn and teach. AI assesses each student’s strengths and shortcomings through individualized learning systems, then tailors information to close learning gaps. This is especially helpful in schools with limited funding, where pupils might not get enough assistance. Chatbots and virtual AI tutors offer round-the-clock academic support, increasing educational accessibility for students in underserved or rural places.AI frees up teachers’ time to concentrate on developing students’ creativity, critical thinking, and emotional intelligence by reducing administrative tasks like grading and attendance monitoring. By identifying at-risk kids based on performance trends, AI analytics also make early intervention possible. Early AI integration guarantees that pupils acquire future-ready abilities like digital literacy, coding, and problem-solving—skills crucial for the contemporary workforce. Challenges to Implementing AI in Nigerian Schools Notwithstanding its potential, there are a number of obstacles to incorporating AI into Nigeria’s educational system: Recommendations for Effective AI Adoption A well-funded, inclusive, and strategic approach is needed to fully utilize AI in secondary education in Nigeria. The following are important suggestions: Conclusion Nigerian secondary education could undergo a transformation thanks to artificial intelligence, which could solve long-standing issues and get pupils ready for a world that is changing quickly. AI integration can become a reality with a dedicated and inclusive approach encompassing the government, educators, commercial partners, and communities, even though obstacles like infrastructure gaps, cost, and ethical issues still exist. Now is the moment to take action since funding AI in education is an investment in Nigeria’s future. References Dr. Raghu Yadaganti is a professional with 18 years of expertise in teaching, research, and industry consulting in the areas of digital marketing, social media analytics, consumer behavior, and entrepreneurship, Dr. Raghu Yadaganti is an academician, researcher, and consultant. He has a Ph.D. in digital marketing and has written a research articles for both National and international publications.

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Knowledge update 13-5-2025

Sustainable Technology and Green Entrepreneurship: Cultivating a Vibrant Future in Nigeria

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Introduction Nigeria, a nation brimming with ingenuity and a youthful, dynamic population, stands on the cusp of an exciting transformation. While acknowledging existing environmental challenges, this article focuses on the immense opportunities that sustainable technology and green entrepreneurship present for the country’s future. By embracing innovative solutions that harmonize economic growth with environmental sustainability, Nigeria can tap a new era of industries, generate good jobs, and build a healthier, richer nation for all. The conversation is a journey into the encouraging landscape of sustainable technology in Nigeria, where the growing industry of green entrepreneurship is viewed as an essential driver in bringing this radiant future to fruition. Nigeria, a nation so rich in potential, can harness sustainable technology to address its evolving needs while building a more sustainable environment as well. This includes the vast, untapped potential of solar energy, ready to illuminate homes and businesses across the nation, reducing the necessity for less sustainable energy sources. State-of-the-art waste-to-energy initiatives offer a dual benefit, transforming the issue of waste management into an opportunity for energy generation and resource recovery (Richard et al., 2021). Furthermore, the adoption of advanced water filtration and conservation systems has the promise of widening access to clean water, building healthier communities, and improving agricultural yields. Driving this green revolution is the rapidly emerging spirit of green entrepreneurship. Nigerian entrepreneurs are increasingly viewing environmental problems not as problems, but as fertile opportunities for innovative businesses (Jeevan, 2017). Across the country, there are encouraging examples: thriving solar energy companies bringing electricity to off-grid communities, innovative businesses transforming plastic waste into valuable new products, and a growing movement towards organic and sustainable agricultural practices. These businesses are not only assisting in giving a cleaner environment, they are also generating considerable revenue, creating jobs, and empowering communities. That businesses like Kaltani in Lagos are thriving and demonstrating the scalability of plastic recycling, and that there are several smaller enterprises turning waste into art and building materials, speaks to the potential and innovation that is present in Nigeria. While the journey of green entrepreneurship requires dedication and strategic support, Nigeria has inherent advantages that can overcome potential obstacles. The nation’s entrepreneurial spirit and the growing awareness of environmental issues among its people offer fertile ground for the adoption of sustainable practices. The government’s growing focus on renewable energy and policies aimed at promoting clean technologies provide a supportive ecosystem for green businesses. Organizations like the Clean Technology Hub in Nigeria are enabling the next generation of green leaders, particularly women, with critical incubation and acceleration programs (Tech in Africa, 2025). Moreover, the heightened engagement with international partners and development institutions provides exposure to critical expertise and finance. As Nigeria is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, embracing sustainable solutions is not just an environmental imperative but an economic one (Ajol.info, 2020). Green entrepreneurship is a futuristic strategy towards a more resilient economy by backing businesses that minimize environmental risks, conserve key resources, and create innovative responses to a shifting climate. Conclusion Nigeria stands at an encouraging juncture where being responsible stewards of the environment and economic development are not opposing but complementary agendas. The heightened adoption of green technologies, driven by a new dynamic and innovative generation of green entrepreneurs, paints the future as one that is full of promise. By unlocking its own entrepreneurial spirit, leveraging enabling policies, and riding growing awareness of environmental responsibility, Nigeria can become a leader in green innovation. The way to a greener tomorrow is not just problem-solving; it is about unleashing the tremendous potential within Nigeria to develop a prosperous, rich, and environmentally sustainable nation for generations to come. Okay, here are the references from the article, now including the publication dates where available: References Ajol.info. (2020). Climate change impact on business opportunities in south east Nigeria | International Journal of Development and Management Review. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijdmr/article/view/197245 Dzingirai, M., Trivedi, S., & Maziriri, E. T. (2024). Challenges Faced by Green Entrepreneurs During Turbulent Times: Evidence from Zimbabwean SMEs. In D. Mhlanga & M. Dzingirai (Eds.), Sustainable Finance and Business in Sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 415-428). Springer. Jeevan, P. (2017). Green Entrepreneurship – a conceptual framework. ResearchGate. (2024). Green Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in Developing Countries: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Research Directions. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380759696_Green_Entrepreneurship_and_Sustainability_in_Developing_Countries_Opportunities_Challenges_and_Future_Research_Directions

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IOT knowledge Update 14-4-2025

Internet of Things (IOT): Applications and Security Challenges

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Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative force in technology, connecting billions of devices worldwide. IoT enables seamless communication between devices, ranging from home appliances to industrial machinery, through sensors, processors, and networks. This connectivity fosters automation and efficiency across various sectors, revolutionizing industries such as healthcare, transportation, and urban planning. However, the rapid proliferation of IoT devices also presents significant security challenges that must be addressed to ensure the reliability and safety of these systems. IoT applications are diverse and impactful. In smart homes, IoT devices like thermostats and security cameras enhance convenience and safety by automating processes and monitoring threats. Healthcare has witnessed remarkable advancements with the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), including wearable devices that track vital signs and remote patient monitoring systems that improve healthcare delivery. Smart Home Automation Connected vehicles rely on IoT for navigation, diagnostics, and safety features, paving the way for autonomous transportation. Smart cities leverage IoT for adaptive traffic control systems, environmental monitoring, and efficient resource allocation. In industrial settings, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) optimizes manufacturing processes through predictive maintenance and real-time data analysis. Despite these benefits, IoT faces critical security challenges that stem from its inherent vulnerabilities. Privacy concerns arise due to the vast amounts of personal data collected by IoT devices. Unauthorized access to this data can lead to breaches that compromise user confidentiality. Many IoT devices are developed with minimal security measures, making them susceptible to attacks such as brute-forcing due to weak default passwords. Malware and ransomware targeting IoT devices have become increasingly prevalent, exploiting vulnerabilities to disrupt operations or steal sensitive information. Network security risks are another major concern. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks can overwhelm IoT networks by exploiting infected devices as attack bases. Insecure interfaces, insufficient encryption protocols, and inadequate authentication mechanisms further exacerbate these risks. Additionally, remote working environments have highlighted vulnerabilities in home networks connected to IoT devices, increasing exposure to cyber threats. Industrial IoT Innovative solutions are being developed to address these challenges. Blockchain technology offers decentralized security frameworks that enhance data integrity and authentication processes in IoT ecosystems. Edge computing reduces latency and improves data processing by enabling local computation near the source of data generation. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into intrusion detection systems to analyze network traffic patterns and identify anomalies indicative of cyber threats. To mitigate IoT security risks effectively, a multi-faceted approach is essential. Standardization efforts can establish universal security protocols for IoT devices across manufacturers. Educating users about best practices, such as changing default passwords and regularly updating firmware, can reduce vulnerabilities. Policymakers must collaborate with industry stakeholders to implement robust regulatory frameworks that prioritize security in IoT development. Conclusion In conclusion, while the Internet of Things continues to revolutionize industries with innovative applications, its security challenges remain a critical concern. Addressing these issues requires collective efforts from manufacturers, researchers, policymakers, and users to ensure a secure and sustainable future for IoT systems. References Kaspersky. (2025). Internet of Things security challenges and best practices. Retrieved from https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/best-practices-for-iot-security Peerbits. (2025). IoT Security: Navigating the Security Challenges & Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html Pathak et al., (2021). Exploring security threats and solutions techniques for Internet of Things (IoT): from vulnerabilities to vigilance. PMC. MDPI Electronics Journal. (2023). Security and Internet of Things: Benefits, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/8/1901 Jazzar & Hamad. (2022). Analysis of IoT Security Challenges Using Artificial Intelligence. PMC

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Knowledge Update 7-4-2025

Bridging the Digital Gap: Why Older Adults (Senior Citizens) Need Digital Skills Now

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In today’s fast-paced digital world, technology plays a vital role in our lives. It impacts business, communication, entertainment, and medical care. But many older adults find it hard to keep up with these changes. This creates a digital divide. It makes it harder for them to stay independent, connected, and informed. Learning basic digital skills, like using computers and social media, can empower senior citizens. These skills will boost their quality of life and help them stay active in today’s digital world. 1. Computer Fundamentals: Developing Technology Confidence Using a computer might be intimidating to many elders. Digital literacy starts with the basics. You need to learn file management, operating systems, and how to navigate the internet. To ensure safe browsing and protect personal information, understanding computer security is key. Senior citizens with good computer skills can confidently explore digital resources. 2. Using Microsoft Office: Essential Skills for Productivity Microsoft Office programs like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint aren’t just for pros. Senior citizens can benefit a lot from using them, too. Senior citizens can improve their social and personal lives. They can use Word to write documents. Excel helps them organize finances. PowerPoint is great for making presentations. Senior citizens skilled with these tools can join online classes. They can also record their experieAnces and family history. This helps them take part in lifelong learning. 3. Using Email to Stay Organized and Connected One of the most important digital communication tools available today is email. Good email skills can help Senior citizens stay in touch with friends, family, and groups. They can use email effectively. To do this, they should avoid spam. They must spot phishing schemes. Also, they should set up folders for important messages. 4. Improving Communication Skills Online Senior citizens can now join online events, have medical consultations, and connect with loved ones. This is all thanks to video conferencing tools like Zoom and Google Meet. Getting good at messaging apps like Facebook Messenger, Telegram, or WhatsApp helps people stay in touch with friends and family often. Digital skills help build strong social connections and reduce feelings of loneliness in online chats. 5. Managing Social Media: Maintaining Involvement and Knowledge Senior citizens can stay informed and entertained by using social media. Sites like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn help them connect with others. Senior citizens can connect with their communities and discover new hobbies using social media. They can also use platforms like LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook groups to learn new skills. To ensure a safe and fun social media experience, you need to understand privacy settings. Also, avoid false information and manage your online interactions. Final Thoughts: Welcome to the Digital Future For older people, learning digital skills is becoming a requirement rather than an option. Senior citizens can boost their independence and self-esteem by learning to use computers. They can handle emails, use Microsoft Office, chat online, and connect on social media. This helps improve their overall well-being. Closing the digital divide helps people stay connected and informed. This allows them to live more fulfilling lives. References Draxler, F., Buschek, D., Tavast, M., Hämäläinen, P., Schmidt, A., Kulshrestha, J., & Welsch, R. (2023). Gender, age, and technology education influence the adoption and appropriation of LLMs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06556. Facchinetti, G., Petrucci, G., Albanesi, B., De Marinis, M. G., & Piredda, M. (2023). Can smart home technologies help older adults manage their chronic condition? A systematic literature review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(2), 1205. Ramírez-Correa, P. E., Arenas-Gaitán, J., Rondán-Cataluña, F. J., Grandon, E. E., & Ramírez-Santana, M. (2023). Adoption of social networking sites among older adults: The role of the technology readiness and the generation to identifying segments. Plos one, 18(4), e0284585. Rock, L. Y., Tajudeen, F. P., & Chung, Y. W. (2024). Usage and impact of the internet-of-things-based smart home technology: a quality-of-life perspective. Universal access in the information society, 23(1), 345-364. Schroeder, T., Dodds, L., Georgiou, A., Gewald, H., & Siette, J. (2023). Older adults and new technology: Mapping review of the factors associated with older adults’ intention to adopt digital technologies. JMIR aging, 6(1), e44564. Dr. RAGHU YADAGANTI With Eighteen years of expertise in teaching, research, and industry advising in the areas of digital and social media marketing, Dr. Raghu Yadaganti is a seasoned academician, researcher, and consultant. He has a Ph.D. in digital marketing and has published research articles in prominent national and international journals on sales and marketing, making a substantial contribution to the academic community. Additionally, Dr. Yadaganti is the author of a textbook on marketing management that is frequently utilized by professionals and students alike. He has successfully led ten to fifteen workshops on sales management, digital and social media marketing and AI tools for businesses, educators, and entrepreneurs. He is a recognized specialist in digital marketing. Outside of school, he is digital marketing consultant, working with  companies create and expand their online presence for ScoutyHyde (Real Estate), Aarohi Trust (Education), and Choices Garments (Textile). He is a highly sought-after trainer in the world of digital marketing because of his proficiency in search engine marketing, analytics, social media strategy, and content marketing. Dr. Raghu Yadaganti provides professionals with hands-on, intelligent, and practical training that equips them to thrive in the constantly changing digital landscape thanks to his robust combination of academic knowledge and industrial experience.

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Knowledge update 24-3-2025

The Role of Innovation in Women-Led Enterprises

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Introduction Innovation is one of the main drivers of business success, particularly for women-led businesses that face unique challenges in getting access to capital, markets, and business networks. Women entrepreneurs are leveraging innovation to create competitive edges, improve efficiency, and scale their businesses across various industries. Innovation as a Catalyst for Business Growth Innovation enables women entrepreneurs to grow their business, rationalize resources, and improve service delivery. Research suggests that firms engaged in innovative practice have a better likelihood of increasing at a high rate and making profits (Alsos, Ljunggren, & Hytti, 2013). Women-owned companies, particularly technology, healthcare, and education ventures, have shown innovative solutions in addressing social challenges. For instance, in Africa, women entrepreneurs have developed fintech products that expand financial inclusion, and they facilitate excluded groups to access banking services (GEM, 2021). Digitalization has also been a primary source of innovation. The majority of women-owned enterprises have adopted e-commerce platforms, artificial intelligence, and automation to improve efficiency. For example, a study by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) found that women entrepreneurs who used digital solutions in their businesses had better revenue and customer retention (IFC, 2022). These innovations have helped women entrepreneurs overcome traditional challenges such as lack of access to physical markets and gender discrimination in business networks. Enhancing Market Competitiveness Women entrepreneurs leverage innovation to make their businesses more competitive in the local and foreign markets. Innovation in business models, products, and marketing methods allows them to distinguish their firms from those of competitors. Brush, de Bruin, and Welter (2014) inform us that product development and customer interaction innovation significantly improves the market position of women-led firms. More women entrepreneurs have embraced sustainable business models as a competitiveness strategy. Within the fashion industry, for example, women-led enterprises have established green and ethical fashion brands that are gaining popularity among environmentally conscious consumers. The embracing of sustainable supply chains, biodegradable materials, and ethical labor practices has not only positioned such businesses as industry leaders but also assisted in environmental conservation (United Nations Women, 2021). Besides, social innovation has been a distinguishing feature of women-led startups. Women entrepreneurs are more likely to focus on businesses that address social problems, such as gender inequality, education, and healthcare. For example, women-owned businesses in India have developed affordable healthcare solutions for rural communities, using technology for closing healthcare gaps (World Economic Forum, 2022). Driving Sustainable Development Innovation in women entrepreneurship is a driving force behind sustainable development. The application of new technologies in agriculture, energy, and technology has been marked by women entrepreneurs promoting economic growth while addressing significant global issues. The World Bank (2022) report confirms that women entrepreneurs who have invested in green technology and renewable energy have made significant advancements in accessing clean energy in the rural regions. Despite all these inputs, female entrepreneurs also have to cope with barriers including limited opportunities to obtain funds and prejudices in society. Governments as well as financing agencies should develop policies supporting woman innovators via finance, advising, and connections with research and development capacity. Conclusion Innovation is a potent tool that can assist women-owned firms in building up, competing, and fostering sustainable development. Women entrepreneurs are transforming industries and addressing worldwide challenges with technology uptake, market-driven solutions, and social innovation. Nevertheless, for them to amplify the role of innovation, policymakers and stakeholders must provide supportive environments to allow women entrepreneurs to thrive. References Nusaiba Ibrahim Na’abba is currently a content writer at Skyline University Nigeria. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

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KNOWLEDGE UPDATE 17-3-2025

Navigating the Future of Work in a Technology-Driven World

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Introduction The world of work is undergoing a profound transformation driven by rapid advancements in digital technology. Artificial intelligence (AI), automation, big data, and remote work have reshaped how businesses operate and how individuals engage with their professions. As we move further into the digital age, the future of work will be defined by flexibility, digital literacy, and continuous learning. The Rise of Automation and Artificial Intelligence One of the most significant changes in the workplace is the increasing reliance on automation and AI. These technologies enhance productivity, streamline operations, and reduce human error. In industries like manufacturing, AI-driven robots have taken over repetitive and hazardous tasks, improving efficiency and safety. In the service sector, AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants provide instant customer support, allowing businesses to operate round the clock. While automation and AI eliminate certain jobs, they also create new opportunities. The demand for data analysts, cybersecurity experts, AI specialists, and robotics engineers has surged. Additionally, soft skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and emotional intelligence remain invaluable, as machines cannot replicate human creativity and empathy. Remote and Hybrid Work Models The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of remote work, proving that many tasks can be effectively performed outside traditional office spaces. As a result, hybrid work models—where employees split their time between home and the office—have become the new normal. Companies recognize the benefits of flexible work arrangements, such as reduced overhead costs, improved work-life balance, and access to a global talent pool. However, remote work presents challenges, including cybersecurity threats, digital fatigue, and difficulties in fostering team collaboration. Organizations must invest in secure digital infrastructure and adopt tools that facilitate seamless communication and collaboration among remote teams. The Importance of Digital Skills As technology continues to evolve, digital literacy has become a prerequisite for career success. Employees must develop proficiency in using digital tools, data analytics, cloud computing, and cybersecurity measures. Organizations are increasingly prioritizing upskilling and reskilling programs to equip their workforce with relevant competencies. Educational institutions also play a crucial role in preparing students for the digital workforce. Curricula should incorporate coding, artificial intelligence, and digital marketing, ensuring graduates are ready for the demands of the modern job market. Governments and private organizations must collaborate to provide lifelong learning opportunities, enabling individuals to adapt to the changing landscape. The Gig Economy and Entrepreneurial Opportunities The digital age has given rise to the gig economy, where freelancers and independent contractors take on short-term projects rather than traditional full-time jobs. Platforms like Upwork, Fiverr, and TaskRabbit allow professionals to market their skills and work on a global scale. This shift towards independent work offers flexibility and autonomy but also presents challenges such as job insecurity and lack of employee benefits. To support gig workers, policymakers must establish frameworks that provide social security, health insurance, and legal protections. Entrepreneurship is also thriving in the digital era. With minimal startup costs, individuals can launch online businesses, develop mobile applications, or create content on platforms like YouTube and TikTok. Digital marketing, e-commerce, and fintech innovations have opened doors for aspiring entrepreneurs to reach a global audience. Ethical Considerations and Workforce Diversity The future of work must be guided by ethical principles. AI and automation raise concerns about job displacement, data privacy, and algorithmic bias. Companies must implement fair hiring practices, ensure transparency in AI-driven decision-making, and prioritize cybersecurity. Additionally, workforce diversity and inclusion should be at the forefront of organizational policies. Companies that embrace diversity benefit from a wider range of perspectives, leading to innovation and improved problem-solving. Providing equal opportunities for underrepresented groups in tech fields is crucial for sustainable and inclusive growth. Conclusion The future of work in the digital age is dynamic and full of opportunities. While automation and AI transform industries, they also create new career paths. Remote work and the gig economy provide flexibility, but they require strong digital infrastructure and policy support. To thrive in this evolving landscape, individuals must embrace lifelong learning, develop digital skills, and adapt to new work models. Organizations and governments must work together to create inclusive, ethical, and resilient work environments that harness the power of technology for a better future. As we navigate this digital revolution, one thing is certain—the ability to adapt and innovate will be the key to success in the future of work. Miracle Uwa Livinus is a Lecturer II in the Department of Biochemistry, School of Science and Information Studies at Skyline University Nigeria. He has M.Sc in Nutritional Biochemistry from Nasarawa State University, B.Sc in Biochemistry, PGDE in Education from Bayero University Kano. He has acquired professional certificates in Essentials of Infant and Young Children Feeding (IYCF), Human Resources for Health (HRH): Principles and Practices, Gender, Sexual and Reproductive Health, among many others. 

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Business Practices KNOWLEDGE UPDATE

Sustainable Business Practices

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Introduction Businesses aspiring to long-term success want no option but to become sustainable. As the environmental issues are mounting, including stakeholders maintaining the ethical responsibility, businesses must seem the strategies that learn to interact with the sustainable atmosphere with the economic growth. Long term profitability comes from sustainable business practices while reducing the negative impact of those business practices on the planet and the society. Environmental Sustainability Reducing a company’s environmental footprint is one of the key pillars of sustainability. This can be achieved by the business implementing energy efficient systems, adopting renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, and optimizing resource usage. Operational costs and carbon emissions can be slashed up to the tens of percent range by making investments in energy efficiency measures like switching to LED lighting and implementing smart energy management systems. Improving on waste reduction is another critical area. A recycling program, the reduced use of plastics, and the adoption of a circular economy that recycles materials can minimize waste for companies. Sustainable supply chains also play a large role since businesses can bring on board eco-friendly suppliers, keep logistics minimal and thus effective to minimize emissions, and have just the right ethical sourcing of raw materials. Social Responsibility CSR deals with the interests of employees, customers, and the communities. Fair labor practices are very important, starting from ensuring safe working conditions, fair wages, and employee wellness programs. Investments in employee satisfaction lead to increased productivity and a lower rate of turnover for a company. Businesses don’t merely need to interact with their communities beyond the workplace. There are ways that companies can contribute positively to society by supporting local initiatives, sponsoring education programs, and doing ethical sourcing practices. Equally important are diversity and inclusion in the workplace because they stimulate innovation and the same for all field employees. Economic Sustainability In the long term, businesses must be seeking to be financially stable and doing the right thing. An important contribution to sustainable success is green innovation, i.e., green products and services by companies that attract environmentally minded customers. Leading organizations invest in sustainable research and development and are accordingly ahead of the competition and ahead of market shifts. Another important aspect is ethical governance, one that entails transparency, accountability, and compliance with regulatory standards. This means that companies that practice sustainability laws, adopt responsible investment tactics, and run ethical business practices establish stronger relationships with their stakeholders and enjoy a definite advantage over their competitors. Conclusion   For companies to be successful in today’s market and serve the world well while being sustainable, these businesses need to have sustainable business practices. Environmentally conscious, socially responsible, and morally sound financial management can result in businesses generating long-term value for them and for the environment. When sustainability is on the top of your concern list, aside from enhancing brand reputation and securing lasting profitability and customer loyalty, you have the upper hand. Mr Aliyu Mohammed is Lecturer II of the Department of Management, School of Arts, Management and Social Science, Skyline University Nigeria. He holds a Master’s Degree in Management from Bayero University Kano (B.U.K) and a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Bayero University Kano (B.U.K). He also attended Kano State College of Arts and Science, Remedial Studies, Kano State, where he obtained the certificate for Advanced Level Interim Joint Matriculation Examination (IJMB).

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