Introduction Junk food generally refers to eatables that contribute to monstrous calories but are of exceptionally little nutritional value. These are prepared foods, regularly high in salt, fat, and sugar. Due to this, they are moreover known as HFSS (tall in fat, salt and sugar) food. These food recipes are tasty and engaging, but as well much intake of junk food items can affect one’s health drastically. It can be a treat to the taste buds, but their sick impacts are broadly known. Consuming them routinely can have adverse impacts on your health and may cause irreparable harm to the body. Getting a fast snack on your way to work is the modern breakfast slant. Moreover, solid home-made dinners are supplanted by easily available foods from your favorite quick food items. Presently in modern days’ children and adults favor these foods and tend to satisfy their nutrition necessity. Whereas it may be only satisfying the taste for tongue, there’s exceptionally insignificant nutrition value in these junk foods.   What are junk foods? Any food with zero or negligible nutritional value high in fat and trans fat substance, can be named junk food. Most of the fast foods, including candy, chocolate, fried pies, soft drinks, pastries, pizza, cookies bakery products, crackers, burgers, Samosas, Bondas, Poorie-paratha-chapati (Indian food) etc.  along with salty and oily foods can be termed junk food. They are high in calories, salts and fats, and are typically low in vitamins, minerals and other nutritional contents.   Harmful effects of consuming Junk foods Obesity – can lead to numerous medical issues, such as diabetes, joint pain, and heart diseases. Depression – Eating intemperate sums of junk food may increase your chance of depression. Insulin resistance – Fast food is filled with purge carbohydrates, which can lead to expanded blood sugar and insulin resistance. Learning and memory issues – High intake of sugars and fats tend to suppress the work of the brain that makes a difference in learning and memory formation. (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition) Loss of appetite and digestion – One of the terrible impacts of junk food is overeating. One may end up eating more than they require due to the variance in their blood sugar levels. It makes the brain demand more food than the normal requirement. Heart disease – Diet high in salt regularly increases a person’s blood pressure, making a individual more inclined to heart attacks, stroke, kidney infection, or heart disease. (The Food & Drug Administration). Dental Issues – The sugar and carbohydrates in fast food consuming may create acids that can hurt tooth enamel which can bring dejected dental cleanliness. Skin Issues – Junk food devours carbohydrates and fats which may lead to generate spots on the skin. starch and sugar are huge in fast food like potato fries, finger chips, pizza, ground sirloin sandwich bread, potato chips can additionally make your skin irritation and pain. High Blood Pressure – Fast food is for the foremost portion overwhelming in sodium which can raise blood pressure or irritate heart issues, including blockage and heart failure. Guidelines for avoiding junk food consumption and practicing home food Drink Water Avoid getting extremely hungry Eat More Protein and regular meals Take Spinach leaves Extract Good sleep and manage the stress Eat fresh fruits and vegetables Eat cooked food alternatives to junk food Healthy snacks   Conclusion Junk food can harm both children and adults since it contains a lot of sugar and fat. Consuming junk food habitually lead to distinctive serious and chronicle illnesses. Moreover, as few those might not be cured. Subsequently, always we should be little alert in consuming fast food consuming concurring to your well-being conditions to evade any long lasting suffering. Basic supplements are key to solid development and improvement. Such unhealthy habits and insufficient levels of nutrition will affect the improvement of the brain and different other parts of the body. As a result, nutritionists don’t favor intake of junk foods in abundance due to their sick effects on a body’s growth and development. Reference https://www.godigit.com/health-insurance/health-guides/harmful-effects-of-junk-food https://www.eatthis.com/what-happens-to-your-body-when-you-eat-fast-food/ https://www.wellcurve.in/blog/harmful-effects-of-junk-food-you-must-know-about/ https://www.icicilombard.com/blogs/health-insurance/hi/harmful-effects-of-junk-foods   Dr. Senthil Kumar, is an Associate Professor of Finance and Business Management in Skyline University Nigeria. He has a PhD. in Business Management from Bharathiar University, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Description of Research

The principal goal is for academicians to develop a structural framework of basic research concepts and escalate the importance of conducting research and keeping an eye with an approved statement of the problem. We hope this enhanced knowledge and understanding of research concepts and responsible practices will contribute to the integrity of the research and the value of the research results.

Introduction Genome editing is a relevant, versatile, and preferred tool for crop improvement, as well as for functional genomics. In this update, I summarize the advances in gene-editing techniques, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated with the Cas-9 and Cpf-1 proteins. These tools support great opportunities for the future development of plant science and rapid remodeling of crops. Among the various genome-editing tools, CRISPR has become the most popular. CRISPR has helped clarify the genomic structure and its role in plants: For example, the transcriptional control of Cas9 and Cpf1, genetic locus monitoring, the mechanism and control of promoter activity, and the alteration and detection of epigenetic behavior between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) investigated based on genetic traits and related genome-wide studies. The present update describes how CRISPR/Cas-9 systems can play a valuable role in the characterization of the genomic re-arrangement and plant gene functions, as well as the improvement of the important traits of field crops with the greatest precision. In addition, the speed editing strategy of gene-family members was introduced to accelerate the applications of gene-editing systems to crop improvement. For this, the CRISPR technology has a valuable advantage that particularly holds the scientist’s mind, as it allows genome editing in multiple biological systems. The rapidly growing population and a wide range of competitive dairy products and meat are pushing agricultural output and expanding the demand for feed, food, biofuels, and livestock [1]. By 2050, the worldwide population will expand up to >9 billion, which may boost crop production demand by 100–110%. Consequently, the effective production of staple crops, such as Oryza sativa (rice), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Zea mays(maize), and Glycine max (soybean), will increase by just 38–67% [1,2]. Currently, numerous genome-editing tools and techniques have been adopted to overcome the problems arising in plants to compensate for the increased demand for food in the future [3]. Gene-editing techniques, such as engineered endonucleases/meganucleases (EMNs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), TAL effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) [4], are important tools in plant research, as they allow the remodeling of future crops. ZFNs were the first truly targeting protein reagents to revolutionize the genome manipulation area of research. ZFNs are binding domains for DNA that recognize three base pairs at the target site [5]. ZFNs have been commonly used for targeted genome modification in different plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), and maize [6–8]. Another site-driven mutagenesis genome-editing system, TALENs, was defined first in plant pathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas) and is based on a concept similar to that of ZFNs. TALENs target one nucleotide at the target site (instead of three), thus rendering TALENs precise [9]. TALENs were successfully used for genome editing in angiosperms and bryophytes [10,11]. Extensive investigation in this field led to the development of new genome-editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 [12,13]. Initially, these techniques were developed in prokaryotes, because there were no efficient genome-editing techniques for eukaryotes at specific sites. However, at the advent of eukaryotic genome editing, the CRISPR technology has revolutionized our ability to generate specific changes in crops [14]. The CRISPR system requires only the guide RNA sequence to be changed for each DNA target site. Under different circumstances, the usage and modification of CRISPR technology are quite simple and efficient [15,16]. In this review, we highlight the use of genome-editing techniques to achieve highly precise and desired modifications in plants, as well as examples of the application of EMNs, ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9/Cpf1 in various plants (Figure 1). CRISPR/Cas9 This genome-editing technique, which relies on the activity of RNA-guided nucleases and their mode of action, has gained much attention because of its versatility, potency, adequacy, and simplicity. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a highly conserved system that originated from the bacterial species Streptococcus pyogenes. Its discovery was a significant breakthrough of the 20th century, as it represented an entirely distinct and divergent tool that was quickly examined by many bioinformaticians, biotechnologists [12,13], and microbiologists. In the 2012–2013 period, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was successfully implemented with remarkable cutting efficiency and simplicity to modify animal and plant genes. Studies reported three CRISPR/Cas systems (I, II, and III), each of which has distinct molecular mechanisms for nucleic acid piercing and targeting. The initial identification of Cas9 (formerly known as COG3513, Csx12, Cas5, or Csn1) through bioinformatics analyses revealed that it acts as a large multifunctional protein structure that comprises two nuclease domains, HNH and RuvC-like. The development of the CRISPR system proved to be advantageous for the manipulation of genetically modified cells in living organisms, as well as in culture. Because of its versatility, simplicity, efficacy, and wide range of applications, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been applied in many fields of research, such as biotechnology, genetic engineering, and fundamental and applied biology. With the expansion of the plant genome-editing system, the expression cassette of CRISPR/Cas9 [12,13] is transformed into the cells, incorporated into the nuclear genome, and expressed, followed by the cleavage of its target DNA sequence, usually 3 bp upstream of the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site. Double-stranded breakage of DNA activates two separate mechanisms of DNA repair, NHEJ and homology-directed repair (HDR). In the absence of a homologous template, NHEJ mediates the direct re-ligation of the broken DNA molecules, normally leading to insertions and deletions (InDels), or substitutions at the DSB site. However, in the presence of a donor DNA sequence, HDR may add new alleles, correct existing changes, or insert new sequences of interest. Although DNA becomes integrated into the plant genomic site at a low frequency, the integrated transgene can still be expressed and becomes functional only for a short period. Therefore, the expression of CRISPR/Cas9 via transgenesis may offer an alternative method for genome editing in plants. Interestingly, two simple and effective methods adopted for genome editing rely on the expression profile of the CRISPR/Cas9 DNA or RNA. For these methodologies, antibiotic and herbicide selection steps are adopted