The key aspects required to develop a game app include passion, unique app concept, modern app development technology. The following are the simple steps to be followed while developing a unique game app. Do Market study to identify goal, objectives and user personas Defining the goals and objectives is an essential part of building a game requirements document for a game app. Understanding the gaming app idea will help to define an effective set of functions for the solution. We can use one or a combination of the following monetization policies Ad Revenue, In-app purchases, Premium Purchase, One-time Purchase User personas and stories should serve as a confirmation or refutation of any assumptions made about the users. Defining Gaming App features and requirements The gaming should contain a detailed description of application and features of the game. It should also contain descriptions of non-functional requirements like security, performance, adaptability etc. Develop App UX, User Flow and Technologies This will help in getting a overall idea of a game flow in help us to sort between the feasible and non-feasible ideas. Defining the environment of app is very important as android and IOS has different requirements and technologies for the same app development. Develop a prototype for your game Your prototype needs to be extremely simple as it is not the complete game.  The assets, levels, power-ups, and enemies you have planned   need not be included in this. It simply   requires a simple version of your actual game that shows you have a feasible idea. This can be used as a test to your ideas, to attract investors. Market your app Even before the   release of the gaming app, it needs to be marketed, to create an expectation on the game. Develop a website along with a promotional video for your gaming app.  Give a clear idea to the potential users of what can be expected in the gaming app. Advertise your product to gaming journalists and publications, for an ideal marketing of the game. REFERENCES: https://nix-united.com/blog/how-to-write-a-proper-mobile-app-requirements-document-in-5-steps/ https://www.wikihow.com/Create-a-Gaming-App   Dr. Vijay Arputharaj is a lecturer at Skyline University Nigeria. He has completed his PhD in Computer Science, from Bharathiar University, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

The desire of every woman is to deliver her baby without a hitch. Many decades ago, the most preferred delivery option for most women was vaginal delivery (VD). During this period, a number of women had their babies at home with traditional birth attendants, but quite often with difficult or prolonged labor and sometimes maternal death.  In recent years, a lot of babies have been delivered successfully through caesarean section.  Some women in developing countries still perceive the caesarean section as a curse of an unfaithful woman (Adeoye & Kalu, 2011). It was also seen as the fate of weak women. A caesarean section (CS) is a surgical procedure, that is performed whenever abnormal conditions complicate labor and vaginal delivery, threatening the life of the mother or the baby. It is a form of abdominal surgery that is performed to deliver a baby through an incision made in the abdomen. A caesarean section may be planned in cases where it becomes evident during pregnancy that the procedure will be necessary or it may be performed as an emergency intervention. In the work of Smith et al. (2008), caesarean section (CS) is conceived as a form of birth that is not natural’, a major abdominal surgery requiring an operating theatre. Caesarean deliveries were initially performed to save the fetus of a moribund patient. This operation later developed into a surgical procedure to resolve maternal or fetal complications not amenable to vaginal delivery. Caesarean delivery has evolved from a vain attempt performed to save the fetus to one in which physician and patient both participate in the decision-making process for the benefit of a mother and her unborn child. Series of conditions such as cephalopelvic disproportion, fetal distress, previous Caesarean section, failed induction, previous reconstructive vaginal surgery, abnormal presentation, multiple gestation, macrosomic baby, fetal abnormality, obstructive pelvic tumour, vulva herpes, several preeclampsia with unfavourable cervix, major placenta praevia and so on necessitates caesarean section according to Jaiyesimi and Ojo (2003). Benefits of Caesarian Section The benefits of caesarian section for the mother and the baby include the following: Low risk of severe bleeding after the delivery Reduced risk of urinary stress and no injury to the vagina Less painful delivery process due to the influence of anaesthetic. Reduced risk of physical and psychological injury to the baby. It is a rescue operation for the baby where vagina delivery is not possible. Caesarean section allows a woman and her husband to know the date and time of delivery. They can as well choose a preferable date of delivery of their baby.   Avoidable Challenges of Caesarian Section Women who have a caesarean section can avoid the following challenges provided they patronize qualified professionals: Accidental surgical cuts to internal organs especially with inexperienced health professionals Infection Emergency hysterectomy Complications from anesthesia Negative psychological consequences of an unplanned caesarean section. According to Berghella (2021), Infants delivered through caesarean section may be exposed to temporary respiratory problems because the baby is not squeezed through the birth canal. In addition, such babies are not exposed to the normal bacteria in the mother’s vagina which may be beneficial in a number of ways. Conclusion Caesarian section saves the life of the mother and baby in most cases, but it is also known to have complications similar to other surgery when an expectant mother fails to seek healthcare in a standard hospital or maternity center. Advances in healthcare, antimicrobial and antithrombotic prophylaxis has greatly improved the safety of caeserian section. Therefore, caesarian section is indeed a blessing, not a curse. References Adeoye A and Kalu. D. T (2011). Short History of Medicine, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Berghella, V. (2021) Patient education: C-section (cesarean delivery): Beyond the Basics. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/c-section-cesarean-delivery-beyond-the-basics/print Jaiyesimi, R. A., and Ojo, O. E. (2003). Caesarean section. In contemporary Obstetrics and Gynecology for developing countries. Okonufua, E. F, and Kunle, O., editor. Nigeria: Women’s Health and Action Research Centre; Benin City, 592-619. Smith, J., F. Plaat, Fisk N.M. (2008). The natural caesarean: a woman-centred technique. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 115, 1037-42.   Dr. Ajayi is a Lecturer I at the School of Art, Management and Social Science, Skyline University Nigeria. He bagged a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) degree in Sociology at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Introduction The goldfields in Nigeria have undergone severe artisanal workings that target both of the primary quartz-gold reefs and their related occurrences of alluvial in the absence of any systematic exploration and development. Nigeria’s officially documented gold production began in 1913 and reached its peak between 1933 and 1943, when roughly 1.4t of gold was produced. Due to abandoned of mines by largely colonial businesses, gold production dropped as the Second World War was ongoing and never recovered. The Nigerian Mining Corporation started prospecting for gold there in the early 1980s, but due to a lack of funding, it was unable to continue. Despite the vast potential, gold exploration received little attention due to petroleum’s discovery and subsequent economic domination in Nigeria. Occurrence, Geological setting and Mineralization Gold is found in Nigeria in primary veins, alluvial and eluvial placer deposits, and in various locations along schist belts in the northwest and southwest of the nation. The schist belts in northwest and southwest Nigeria’s Maru, Anka, Malele, Tsohon Birnin Gwari-Kwaga, Gurmana, Bin Yauri, and Iperindo regions are all connected, have the most significant occurrences (Beyond these big places, there are a number of smaller occurrences). The upper Proterozoic fine-grained clastic, politic schists, phyllites, banded iron formations, marble, and amphibolites with imprints of the Kibaran and Pan-African tectonic processes make up the lithologies of the contained schist belts. With fewer quantities of volcanic rocks, the metamorphism within the belt is characterised by green schist facies grading into amphibolite, particularly in the older gneiss-migmatite-quartzite complex. Primary gold mineralization frequently occurs in quartz veins of various lithologies in the schist belt; these veins can have a variety of morphologies, such as bedding concordant veins or discordant vein systems. It is typical to find mineralized wall rocks next to well-known veins, and these rocks could include fine-grained sulphide minerals. The Maru schist belt has the most significant two historic gold mines. The schistosity planes are frequently exploited by the shear zone that spans a quartzite-schist series and hosts Duki Mine. Past miners reportedly mined the mineralization, which appears to consist of gold-quartz veins, with a striking length of more than 1 km, leaving behind a sequence of collapsed N-S-trending workings with no mineralization exposed on the surface. Recent drilling by the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) has demonstrated the persistence of the quartz-gold-sulfide veins beneath the historic workings. A two-subparallel quartz vein system makes up Maraba, the other historic gold mine in Maru. Because of the severity of past mining, there are no in situ exposures, the only remnants of mineralization are tourmaline and chlorite in altered wall rocks and quartz floats. The Malele area is in the Maru schist belt’s most southern region. An N-E trending line of gold-quartz veins that cut through both chlorite schist and biotite-gneiss is where gold mineralization occurs (Garba 2013). Today, a number of sub-parallel surface workings represents the series of veins, with the vein exposures being infrequently seen.  The schists, quartzites and phyllites of the schist belt are the hosts of several historic gold mines in the Anka area. According to the extent of previous workings, individual veins or reefs rarely have a strike length more than 0.5 km and are consistent with the foliation of the host rock. The Kushaka schist belt contains the Kwaga and Tsohon Birnin Gwari gold sites. Pyrite is primarily present there, with lesser amounts of galena, magnetite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Gold-quartz reefs and their altered wall rocks have been sampled relatively recently through recent core drilling and mining exposures close to the surface. The Kushaka schist belt’s furthest southernmost region contains the Gurmana area of gold mineralization. Quartz-sulfide veins and gneisses are the two main types of gold mineralization. The gold-quartz-sulphide veins rarely run deeper than a few tens of metres. At the intersection of a pan-African granodiorite batholith invading phyllites and tourmalinites of the Zuru schist belt in Bin Yauri, Northwestern Nigeria, a brittle fault zone is cutting through hornfels, produces a gold-sulphide-carbonate quartz vein. The schist belt of Egbe-Isanlu in southwest Nigeria contains the gold-mining region of Okolom-Dogondaji. N-S and N-E- shear zones that are trending and cut gneisses, schists, and amphibolites, are the host of a number of gold-quartz veins. Southwest Nigeria’s Ilesha schist belt is home to the Old Gold Mine at Iperindo. The Iperindo mineralization is currently characterised by parallel old working that extends 900 metres or so in an N-E direction, and it consists of a succession comprises carbonate-quartz veins that are auriferous confined by a secondary fault within mica schist and biotite gneiss. Refreences Garba, I., (2003) Geochemical characteristics of mesothermal gold mineralisation in the Pan-African (600 ± 150 Ma) basement of Nigeria, Applied Earth Science, 112:3, 319-325, DOI: 10.1179/037174503225003143 Gbadebo, A.M., Ekwue, Y.A. (2014) Heavy metal contamination in tailings and rocksamples from an abandoned goldminein southwestern Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 186, 165–174 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3363-4   Mr. Aliyu Mohammed Lawan is a Lecturer II in the Department of Geology, Skyline University Nigeria. He holds a Master’s degree in Applied Geophysics from Ahmadu Bello University Zaria and a Bachelor’s degree in Geology from the University of Maiduguri. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Introduction The advent of new media has brought about so many changes in the society. In the communication sector, it has democratized content production and distribution as well as broken the hegemony of the traditional mass media of communication (Sule & Ridwanullah, 2021; Ridwanullah & Bala, 2022). The social media platforms have also helped in engendering democratic tenets and provide platforms for fulfilling some important principles of democracy – freedom of expression, public participation, plurality and inclusion. Public discourse and public opinion formulation have now transmogrified from its traditionally gate-kept, professionally mediated, ethically defined, morally curated, and horizontally formatted to more audience-centric, people generated, and often times, obnoxious, riddle with fake news, hate speech and misinformation. This is the reality in today’s world. This reality prompted the UNESCO to declare in 2017 that we are in a critical time which requires critical mind. There can be no better time to regulate the social media than now when media access is at an accelerated rate. On daily basis, digital penetration kept increasing, number of mobile phone users skyrocket and bandwidth subscription on the rise. Conscious efforts must be made to regulate social media platforms and combat the rise of fake news and misinformation on the social media space. Which direction should the regulation take – internal or external regulation?       Social Media and Self-Regulation The constant rise of fake news and misinformation is not unrelated with the level of freedom of speech in the society. This scenario has played out in the past. The libertarian tendency of the media space in western democracies set the stage for the current abuse of freedom available in the society. History has shown that social responsibility theory wouldn’t have been propounded if the supposition of John Milton on ‘free market place of idea’ had not failed the test of time. The Hutchen’s Commission report that gave birth to the social responsibility theory, an effort to salvage the media industry from returning to the era of government regulation – authoritarianism (Baran & Davis, 2014). No doubt, the priority of any media is to break news or provide information. Providing consumers with what they want is a specialty of the new media industries, even when doing so could have unfavourable long-term effects. Baran and Davis (2014) argued that this trend is evident in the ongoing debates around offensive and hateful online communication. The connections to other traditional social institutions that foster or demand social responsibility do not exist in new media, in contrast to the “established” conventional media. These new media technologies and the companies that built up around them to provide reliable supplies of appealing content had to replace earlier businesses and modes of communication as each of them developed. As individuals adapted to social media and its content, social roles and relationships frequently underwent significant disruption. The majority of these issues seemed difficult to foresee. One of the earliest comprehensive sociological studies of television’s effect on American life, for instance, revealed meagre evidence of disruption in the 1950s. One of the most significant changes brought about by television, according to the study, was that people no longer spent as much time playing cards with friends or extended family. Contrarily, nuclear families actually spent more time together, engrossed in the spectral shadows of small televisions. They conversed with friends and neighbors less frequently (Baran & Davis, 2014). According to research conducted by Wilbur Schramm, Jack Lyle, and Edwin Parker (1961), towns with television actually had higher rates of library use and lower sales of comic books than those with only radio. These results suggested that television would be a good thing, given the enormous mistrust that the public had of comic books in the 1950s. This tendency is still evident today, as proponents of the idea that the Internet will ultimately result in a return to more participatory democracy confront detractors of contentious internet. While supporters of the Internet applaud the ability of social networking sites and instant messaging to keep people linked, some Internet cynics fear that it may promote social isolation. As media enterprises develop, they frequently grow more socially conscious, more prepared to regulate or restrict the dissemination of contentious material, and more interested in meeting long-term societal demands than in stoking momentary popular passions. According to cynics, accountability is only achieved when it will increase rather than hinder profit-making; in other words, accountability is only possible when fierce competition gives way to oligopoly—a small number of surviving businesses agree to stop competing and carve up the market and the profits. In this case, businesses can focus on public relations and stop using the most inflammatory content generation techniques (and, incidentally, ward off formal regulation) (Baran & Davis, 2014). This paper argues that social media platforms can self-regulate and redeem their image. Historically, two of the most influential yellow journalists in the 1920s succeeded in doing just that, changing so drastically that their names came to be associated with good journalism rather than dishonest reporting. The professionalization of journalism and the upgrading of the industry’s ethical standards are often linked (and rightfully so) to the Pulitzer Prize and the Hearst Foundation’s work (Baran & Davis, 2014). The American Society of Newspaper Editors was established during this decade as well, and its renowned Canons of Journalism included a commitment to “tell the truth about the news” (Schramm, 1960, pp. 623–625). A careless new media sector has matured and changed. Once more, this procedure is still in use today. The majority of the main Internet content providers proudly declare their commitment to assuaging public concerns about privacy and decency while voluntarily submitting their websites to evaluation and coding related to well-known and publicly distributed content-rating software. After being acquired by Google, YouTube started to carefully monitor content submitted to its website and has significantly increased the quantity of information it eliminates or to which it restricts access, thus becoming less “guerilla” and more legitimate (Baran & Davis, 2014). Twitter and Facebook have also put in