Knowledgebase & Articles

Watch on Youtube! The Students of Skyline University Nigeria (SUN) Holds Arts & Photography Day. The event which was organized by the University’s Students Arts & Photography Club, a sub-unit of the Students’ Service Department (SSD), is one of the major outlets for displaying students’ creativity through photography and paintings. It was amusing and gave an opportunity to young artists to showcase their innovative talents in the University. Other features include music, questions and answers sessions, and an exchange of gifts.

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) makes our life more efficient and excellent. AI controls and gives numerous directions which make a difference to us to do each day’s work more brilliantly, such as interfacing with companions, utilizing emails, or utilizing internet management more smoothly. In reality, counterfeit insights can be utilized by numerous individuals from morning to evening. Here is how AI plays an important role in our daily lives.  AI technology in Face ID Smartphones are used in the workplace daily and when the gadget gets opened, utilizing biometrics such as Confront ID allowed the device to scan and capture facial recognition. Apple’s Confront ID can see in 3D. It lights up our faces and places 30,000 imperceptible infrared specks on it to capture a picture. AI machine learning calculates and compares the filter of the face with what it has on its database to decide in case the individual attempting to open the phone is you or not. Social media After opening the phones, numerous individuals will check their social media accounts, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and more, for available messages or information about recent happenings. The AI is working behind the scenes to personalize what we see on our phones and, make recommendations on other areas of interest based on our search history. AI is also working to anticipate cybercrimes, the world over. Email message We utilize AI instruments such as Grammarly and spell check enact when we compose an email. This tool helps us to draft messages free from mistakes. For language structure adjustment, individuals can utilize AI and NLP advances. It also helps to identify emails that are suspected as spam or recognize a mail as something the recipient would like to get in their inbox. Google search Most individuals can’t go a day without looking out for something in Google search engine. Most of the search engines are not filtering the complete web to give what individuals need without the use of AI innovation. In terms of online advertisements such as running an ad, the advertisements will be posted by utilizing AI innovation based on our past search results and used to evaluate the clients’ interest in purchasing items they need. The AI calculations will be working cleverly and fulfilling the user’s requirements. Digital Voice Assistants Digital voice assistance has rapidly improved our lives in many ways. The Voice-based assistance is making a difference in innovation utilizing NLP highlight to execute verbal commands. Utilizing this innovation, the gadgets can e used to create e-mail messages or typical messages. Voice-based instruments like Siri, Alexa, Google Collaborator, and Cortana utilizes verbal commands in AI innovation. Smart Home Devices Most individuals utilize Smart Home Devices to control domestic gadgets like electronic home appliances. In some of the houses, devices like the IOT innovation are used to oversee the gadgets to work exceptionally. Nowadays most people are beginning to delve into using these innovations to control all their home gadgets exceptionally, allowing them to be routed through the web for the proficiency of control. Traveling  Google maps and other travel apps utilize AI innovation to screen activity to grant us real-time traffic and climate conditions as per the travel destinations. AI Programmes are built-in cars interior and it is associated with all the car sensors to get input from Google Road. The AI copies human discernments and helps them to make choices as per their travel destinations and route. Banking There are many ways artificial intelligence is installed in banking applications. AI mostly monitor and controlled highly secured transactions to avoid and find scams. AI will give alert messages if any dopiest transactions are made by the user through mobiles. It will give low balance indications and will not disburse money to such command. AI is working behind every transaction and gives continuous alert messages to the customers. Also, when paying the amount, it verifies the card details of a valid transaction to protect the transaction from unauthenticated persons Amazon Recommendations The Biggest online retailer, Amazon is attracting people using AI technologies to observe the users’ transactions and their likes, dislikes, etc. through their transaction history. The AI algorithms are used to track the customer’s needs, displaying customers’ likes through ads and giving recommendations on their purchases. Some other popular online retailers such as Zuma, Flipkart, and Alibaba offer prices to their products to attract customers and increase their revenues by using predictive analysis algorithms to minimize customers’ transactions, to attract and give fastest delivery to the customers Netflix or Amazon Prime or Hot Star Netflix and other online streaming platforms are using AI to help subscribers see movies of choice. These platforms are using AI technology algorithms to give recommendations based on past viewing history. Also, these platforms give suggestions on movie recommendations based on the customer’s likes. The users can continue watching from where they previously left off.  Conclusion Our daily lifestyle is subconsciously tied to the use of AI technology. It’ll be very difficult to support most of our day-by-day schedules without the assistance of AI. References https://www.lucidpix.com/10-examples-of-artificial-intelligence-in-our-everyday-lives/ https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/12/16/the-10-best-examples-of-how-ai-is-already-used-in-our-everyday-life/?sh=326ed7d81171 https://www.iotforall.com/8-helpful-everyday-examples-of-artificial-intelligence https://beebom.com/examples-of-artificial-intelligence/ Dr. A. Senthilkumar is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and the current Dean of the School of Science and Information Technology (SSIT) in Skyline University Nigeria. He has completed his Ph.D. in Computer Applications in June 2017 from Manonmaniam Sundarnar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Mathematics is an exciting and varied field of study that can open up a lot of opportunities for students. The study of mathematics makes you better at solving problems. It gives you skills that you can use across other subjects and apply in many different job roles. Mathematicians are solving today’s biggest and most difficult problems in the world. Even the celebrated Astronomer, Physicist, and Engineer Galileo Galilei said, “Mathematics is the alphabet with which God has written the universe” in another quote he said, “If I were again beginning my studies, I would follow the advice of Plato and start with mathematics.”  To understand the importance of mathematical questions such as: How possible is it for the great London Tower Bridge to open and close? How possible is it that suspension bridges not fail? How is it possible to land on the moon and other planets? How possible is it for a large ship with tons of iron cargos not to sink in the ocean? Why do we have thousands of aircraft flying in the sky with other unmanned drones but none of them collide? Will be asked and the usage of mathematics is what makes all these possible. Curious humans have been solving humanity’s biggest problems for centuries by employing the power of mathematics.  Seemingly impossible feats are achieved, like sending rovers to Mars, humans landing on the moon, or building the Burj Khalifa at a height of 828 meters, creating mechanical objects that can fly,…without mathematics, none of this would be possible. Mathematics is one of the basic tools that help make the world go around. It’s not surprising that as a field of study, mathematics is an interesting and useful degree Programme to pursue. To elaborate more on the fact that mathematics is the key to human development let’s look at some of the importance of studying mathematics. UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD The role of mathematics in many industries and subjects cannot be overemphasized as well as its impact in day-to-day real-life problems such as counting and shopping, to more complicated mathematical problems such as interpreting data, we use math everywhere. Studying mathematics helps you gain a fundamental knowledge of the subject so you can contribute to the future advancements of many industries. Whether you choose a specialization within mathematics or use the knowledge you gain in another subject, the understanding of the world you develop while studying mathematics can help you to succeed in whatever path you choose. BECOME A PROBLEM SOLVER Mathematics focus is all about trying to solve problems we encounter day today. Mathematics will not only help to solve complex mathematical equations and pass exams but it will also help to develop problem-solving skills while working on solving mathematical functions. Some of the life-changing skills developed while studying mathematics include: Pattern spotting, Working backward, Visualizing, Working systematically, Using logical reasoning, etc. DEVELOP EXCELLENT BRAIN The ability to be creative as well as having good analytical skills are the two major skills desired from employers of labor. The human brain developed a neural pathway for information processing hence is not surprising that mathematics plays an important role in the development of human analytical skills. When we try to solve mathematical problems by following the step of identifying the problem to solve, collecting the available data, systemically solving the problem. By doing that we are training our brain so that when we encounter a real-life problem it will automatically apply the logical step he had learned to solve even when it is not a similar problem.  HELPS ALMOST EVERY CAREER A good understanding of mathematics and its complexities is of great help in almost every career. The American Mathematical Society says a career centered on mathematics provides many opportunities: “Mathematical research and education are at the heart of some careers, while other careers utilize mathematics and its applications to build and enhance important work in the sciences, business, finance, manufacturing, communications, and engineering.” According to Wayne State University, some careers and jobs that benefit from a degree in mathematics include engineers, computer Programmemers, statisticians, actuaries, mathematics teachers, and even business managers, etc. Most of those career appears to be from different field of study but what they all have in common is a strong developed skill set in mathematics.  MATHEMATICS IS A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE Mathematics is the universal language in the sense that it is the only language that is spoken everywhere and its meaning is the same across the globe. If you add 1+1 in Nigeria and the answer is two even in china where they speak an entirely different language the value of 1+1 is still 2.    References https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/opinion/sunday/math-logic-smarter.html http://www.ams.org/profession/career-info/career-index https://clas.wayne.edu/math/admissions https://www.amazon.com/beginning-studies-follow-advice-mathematics/dp/B08LNFVTTR   Agada Apeh Andrew is a Lecturer II at the Department of Generral Sciences, School of Sciences and Information Technology at the Skyline University Nigeria. He has an MSc in Mathematics from the Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Great libraries are fruits and roots of great civilizations. From times immemorial, a library is a temple of learning where light of knowledge burns brightly. These are rich springs from which knowledge flows to irrigate the wide field of education and culture. The Awareness in the field of environment sciences is becoming a global talk. People worldwide are realizing its importance .Careful handling of today’s environment would only serve as a legacy for tomorrow’s generation. The libraries have a function to impart knowledge not only to its users but it has also an important role to preserve our rich literary heritage (Aulisio, 2018). The finest efforts of library builders should be that, a library built is environment friendly place where everyone would like to go, a place with a comfort just like their homes. In order to give aesthetic appearance to library and to promote green values, building of green library building movement is in progress. The green library movement emerged in the early 1990s and it is gaining popularity in the field of library and information science profession. The library professional also trying to develop such a kind of library that will be minimize the electricity consumption, energy efficient and environment friendly. There is no need to give extra stress in mind to understand green library. Green or sustainable libraries are the structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource efficient manner (Anonymous, 2008). The   Online   Dictionary   of   Library   and   Information   Science   (ODLIS)   defines green/sustainable libraries as A library designed to minimize negative impact on the natural environment and maximize indoor environmental quality by means of careful site selection, use of natural  construction materials and biodegradable products, conservation of resources like water, energy, paper and responsible waste disposal recycling etc.  So we can built a new library building according to green library principles or renovate existing library building and also provide green library services and facilities and embrace environmentally supportive and sustainable practices within the library. Greening the Library for sustainable development gives information about the Green Library or Sustainable libraries initiative of the world. WHY GREEN LIBRARY? Environmental factors are responsible for decay and deterioration of all kinds of library materials, whatever may be the physical constituents of a particular material. These environmental conditions can be fungus, temperature, light and darkness, humidity and moisture, water, smoke, dust, dirt, air pollution etc. Some of the environmental factors that cause deterioration under extreme conditions are Pollution: Atmospheric contamination is a major cause of chemical degradation in paper .The impurities of air are sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, nitrogen-di-oxide, ozone, aerosols, carbon-di-oxide, carbon monoxide and other chemical compounds. Dirt, smoke, dust and solid particles such as sand and oil soot are the most common solid materials to cause damage. In order to control the pollution and greenhouse gases in environment green libraries are required. Library Associations and Institutions declared that all human beings have the fundamental right to an environment adequate for their health and well-being, acknowledged the importance of a commitment to sustainable development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future. During the 75th IFLA World Library and Information Congress 2009 in Milan, Italy, the newly formed IFLA Special Interest Group ENSULIB (Environmental Sustainability and Libraries), sponsored by the IFLA Preservation and Conservation Section, offered their first conference session, entitled Libraries Library buildings, whether green or not, serve a region or area, and must recognize the needs of the communities that they serve. Through the facility, of and by means of, the staff, resources, leadership, and services, a strategy should be developed for providing for the needs of the service area and the enhancement of the life of their patrons for better service delivery. Light A library should have sufficient windows, glass windows and skylights which allow natural light abruptly in to it and there would be no need of any light generated from Electricity during day time. Also using of low energy consuming bulbs and lights in nonbreeding areas during night time indirectly help library financially and save electricity as a whole Air Today air is a most important factor. Air for breath should be pure and breathable. A proper plantation is needed in the surrounding campus which provides clean and pure air and make library cool (plain area library).Also trees gives pleasant air and it control air conditioner operation during summer. In hilly area cases building should be in a sunny place so that it will become little warmer and reduces room heater and blower expenses. The more air ventilator planned the more it reduces the electricity consumption. Electricity Electricity can be generated using direct sun light by planting solar system on the roof top of library building. Also the surplus energy can be conserved and helps during summer when library need extra energy consumption because of the use of air conditioner, fan and cooler. Water For the good sanitation system a library should plan in proper water available area which helps library clean, green and healthy. As natural resources are decreasing by its amount, drinking water is also one of them so it’s become responsibility of every human being to save drinking water. By looking in to the matter a library can reuse of waste water and rainwater in plantation, harvesting and flushing in toilets. Conclusion Libraries are in an excellent position to be both an ecological operator and promoter of environmental awareness. Green libraries are related to the overall green building movement, libraries have specific needs that raise some extra challenges for their preservation books must be kept away from sunlight as well as moisture and temperature change. Libraries need to be built flexibly, in order to make room for expansions in size and in wiring capabilities. References Aulisio, G. J. (2018). Green libraries are more than just buildings. Electronic Green Journal, 1(35), 1-10. Swati, D. (2018). Green Is The New Black: Bringing The Libraries Into The Green Scene:             International Journal

Cyber-security is a defensive tool in securing and preventing unlawful attacks. Cyberspace is being secured by using techniques and tools of cyber security which is especially concerned with cyber threats. Few cyber-crime are affecting cyberspace and society badly like identity theft, Hacking, Computer viruses, Copyright infringement, Click fraud, etc. Cyber-security ponders on 3 important things: The extent of security obtained by applying the security activities and processes. A set of defined actions and related processes, procedural and non-procedural activities, proposed to secure, cyberspace and digital devices such as hardware, software, mobile, etc. The resource they comprise and transfer, includes database, operating system and software, along with other additional components in cyberspace. They also consider threats that are affecting the security of society.  The allied field of professional endeavor, includes research and analysis that are targeted to execute those activities which will improve their overall quality. The cyber security research studies are the first steps taken toward defining a national R&D agenda. It is required to empower the country to get ahead of challenges and produce the required technologies adequate for defending them. These ultramodern technologies can safeguard information systems and networks. SOME BROAD RESEARCH AREAS IN CYBER SECURITY: 1. Information Security – This domain is to secure information from unauthorized access to avoid hacking, cracking, identity theft and to safeguard the confidentiality of information. This broad research area includes the following sub-domains Network Security, Mobile Security, Security Management, etc. 2. Digital Services – The term ‘Digital security is a collective term that indicates the potentials applied to protect our online user credentials, database, and other resources. These tools include anti-virus protection software, Telecom devices/ SIM cards, bio-metrics, web services, and secured personal devices. This broad research area includes the following sub-domains related to Web Services, Internet Banking, E-Booking, Mobile Commerce, E-Government, Electronic Commerce, etc. 3. Protection of Digital Services – In this domain, It Considers security and privacy as a substantial feature in all the assessments we develop while designing, building, and operating the service. This broad research area contains the following sub-domains Protection of electronic Services, protection of Business Information Systems, Security in Online Gaming Systems, Security, Trust, Privacy, Security in e-banking, e-Government, and Electoral Systems. References: 1. https://dst.gov.in/basic-research-cyber-security 2. https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/collection/digital-service-security/digital-services-managing-cyber-security-risk-digital-service   Dr.Vijay Arputharaj is a Lecturer in Skyline University Nigeria. He has completed his PhD in Computer Science from Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

An organic acid, Ferullic acid, are available in some grains, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables e, g., Apple seeds, Barley, Bran, Citrus fruits, Corn, Eggplant, Flaxseed bread, Navy beans, Oatmeal, Popcorn, Rice, Rice bran oil, and Rye bread etc. Availability of Ferullic acid can be increased by cooking as it will break the cellular compartments where it is stored. Ferulic acid is found in high concentrations in various herbal products including in traditional Chinese medicine, e.g., dong quai (Angelica sinesis), sheng ma (Cimicifuga heracleifolia), and chuan xiong (Ligusticum chuangxiong). It has been shown to have many physiological functions e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity, anticancer, and antidiabetic effect (1). It is a very strong antioxidant. It executes its antioxidant function by triple mode: direct scavenging of free radicals, inhibiting enzymes responsible for free radical generation and enhancing the activity of scavenger enzymes. It is best known for its skin-protective properties and widely used in cosmetic industry. It is most often applied topically as anti-aging skin cream reversing the signs of aging, including growth of fine lines and wrinkles and damage from sunlight exposure. It is believed to neutralize free radicals of aged and damaged cells. The experimental study which indicated the role of Ferullic acid in protecting chronically ultra violet damaged skin against skin tumor development in mice, never included a control of treating mice with only Ferullic acid (2). Instead the study was conducted with Ferullic acid in combination with Vitamin E and C. Therefore, the result of the study remains doubtful today in grounding its role individually in healing skin lesion. Hence more studies with solid evidences are required. Besides the widely acceptance of role of Ferullic acid in skin protection, it is believed to enhance athletic performance and to prevent or treat certain health conditions e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Atherosclerosis, Cancer, Hypertension, Diabetes, Menopause and Osteoporosis. Unfortunately, the experimental studies of supporting its role in preventing or healing of each of this disease is pretty weak even today (3).  References: 1) Zduńska K., Dana A., Kolodziejczak A., Rotsztejn H. (2018) Antioxidant Properties of Ferulic Acid and Its Possible Application. Skin Pharmacol Physiol., 31:332-336. 2) Burns E. M., Tober K. L.,Riggenbach J. A., Kusewitt D. F., Young G. S. , Oberyszyn T. M. (2013) Differential effects of topical vitamin E and C E Ferulic® treatments on ultraviolet light B-induced cutaneous tumor development in Skh-1 mice. PLoS One., 14; e63809. 3) https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-benefits-of-ferulic-acid-89607#citation-2   Dr. Susanta Pahari is a Professor in The Department of Biochemistry, Skyline University, Nigeria. He has a PhD in Biochemistry, MSc in Biochemistry from University of Calcutta, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Introduction Journalism, as an act of information gathering and dissemination, has been in existence since time immemorial. Since human beings ‘cannot, not communicate’, the art of information gathering, processing and dissemination are sacrosanct to human civilization and development. In contemporary times, journalism has metamorphosed from its parochial scope in the age of Acta Diurna to a more advanced and more sophisticated practice attracting praise and scorn. The migration of human civilization from traditional society to the age of mass consumption as averse by Rostow 1960 (Rogers, 1976) not only transformed the societies economically but reshaped the media landscape drastically. As societies evolved, so does the media of communication and journalism practice. The continuous evolution of society portends occasional cultural shock. What was hitherto untoward or unheard of are normalized.  As this trend persists, journalism practitioners are at the receiving end of the continuous renegotiation among people in society as a result of the cultural shock. This sometimes led to conflict and violent uprisings. Journalism by its scope and orientation triumphs on drama, conflict and bizarre. The public wants the oddity. News is dictated by the unusual. And the societies keep serving the unusual through unforeseen circumstances like terrorism, banditry, ethnic uprising, coup, protest, amongst others.  According to Cottle (2017), the pursuit of oddities and the urge to keep the public updated sometimes subject journalists to threats and assault due to rampant conflict instigated by state and non-state players. The wake of insurgency in Nigeria tested the resolve of Nigerian journalists and they perform professionally without prior preparation, safety mechanism, welfare, institution backing, reporting guideline, protection gears, and most importantly, safety education (AbdulSalam, 2021). Therefore, there is a need for the inclusion of safety education as part of the mass communication and journalism training curriculum in Nigeria. Journalism Safety The concept of journalism safety transcends press freedom. It encompasses all forms of activities geared towards ensuring the protection of journalists from impunity through the media structure, media law, media ownership, access to media, digital inclusion, media literacy, gender, and journalism education (Carlsson, Pöyhtäri, 2017).  The safety of journalists must be guaranteed in line of duty for them to perform their functions optimally. For journalists to be regarded as operating in a safe environment, all the nine layers and types of safety challenges must be absent which are: physical, psycholog­ical, financial, legal, social and emotional, gen­der-specific, digital, topic-specific, and public risks (UNESCO, 2017). Jamil (2017) opines that physical risks connote the risk of being hurt or attacked in the line of duty. Psychological risks denote hassle and tension that may impede the chance of a journalist to carry out their duty freely and safely. Financial risks refer to the fear of job insecurity, pay-scale discrepancy and forced loss of job appointment. Legal risks comprise the availability of impunity for an attack on journalists; prejudicial trial against journalists; misapplication and misappropriation of laws against journalists and the availability of draconian media laws.  Social and emotional risks are the type of risks relating to apprehension, phobia, dejection, misdemeanor and lower self-esteem that occurs due to the country’s specific social milieu or a journalist’s immediate environment (i.e., workplace’s environment and socio-political environment). Gender-specific risks are those forms of risks that a journalist may come across as a result of their gender. This might be in the form of sexual assault, rape, harassment, discrimination and coercion. Digital risks are the online dangers that result from hacking, insult or aggressive e-mails or mobile messages and denigrating comments on social media. And finally, public risks connote all threats that occurred due to violent, unethical and condescending attitudes of local inhabitants towards journalists, such as verbal abuse and physical harm or attacks (Jamil, 2017). Need for Safety Education in Nigeria Globally, scholars have written extensively on the need for journalism safety and safety education. However, explicating the literature divulge a pattern of catchup in Africa and Nigeria to be specific (Pate, Oso, Jibril, 2017). In most African countries, the inclusion of safety education as part of the curriculum is mostly not available. Those institutions found to offer courses relating to safety mostly focused on conflict-sensitive reporting (Pate, Oso, Jibril, 2017). Meanwhile, safety education is central and fundamental to the safety of journalists on the field. Mardaras, Gonzalez, Penin (2017) argued that professional working conditions, journalists’ training and their professional experience, and safety training and equipment are the three cardinal principles of ensuring the safety of journalists covering dangerous beats.  In absence of training, journalists are bound to face dangers that might cost them their lives. Advanced countries with less risk have designed Programmes that cater to journalist safety education. In Spain for instance, the military provides trained journalists on safety and how to navigate dangerous terrain (Mardaras, Gonzalez, Penin, 2017). In the United States of America, a body called the Global Security Journalist provides training for journalists (Murthy, 2018). However, in Nigeria, despite the enormous risk journalists are exposed to, our higher institutions of learning are yet to mainstream safety training as part of their curriculum. Although some universities offer courses on conflict-sensitive reporting and peace journalism, most of them do not have courses specifically focusing on journalists’ safety as practiced globally.     Safety Education Curriculum We cannot over emphasis the importance of providing safety education to journalists in the face of dangers portend by the media working environment. Therefore, the Nigerian safety education curriculum should be modeled in such a way that will cover safety protocol, reporting manual, environmental awareness, exit plan, among others.  The curriculum should factor in the peculiarities of the modern safety threats journalists in Nigeria are experiencing. The curriculum should expose students to:  The element of risk, incident reporting guidelines and importance of the choice of refusal;  Hostile environment, First Aid, basic rules to follow and psychosocial support;  Assignment-specific safety advice and training; Insurance which includes regular correspondents against bodily harm, loss of life, property and equipment;  Legal protection and litigation support to fight impunity;  Resources, protective gear and finances required to cover dangerous or risky assignments;  Debriefing

Introduction Electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by gasoline-driven cars. Manufacturers around the world are focusing mostly on electric bands as a result of new technologies and legislation. Electric Vehicles (EVs) have the potential to eliminate the use of fossil fuels in the transportation industry for both passenger luxury vehicles and commercial carriage. Electrification of the transportation industry can also result in better energy efficiency and lower pollution levels in the local area. There are legitimate concerns, however, about meeting future energy demand for charging electric vehicle batteries with clean and renewable sources. More critically, the supply risks of essential material resources utilized in electric vehicle batteries highlight the question of long-term sustainability of electric vehicles. EV’s Existing and New Brand – Everyone is working on electric vehicles, from well-established existing manufacturer brands such as Audi A6 e-Tron, BMW i4, Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, Bollinger B2, Cadillac Lyriq, Chevrolet Silverado Electric, Ford Explorer EV, Honda Prologue, Hyundai Ioniq 5, Kia EV6, Lexus EV SUV, Mercedes-Benz EQA, Toyota bZ4X Concept, Volkswagen ID.8, Volvo C40 and new company’s brand such as Byton, Lordstown, Genesis Electrified G80, Subaru Solterra and Rivian. The battery only sources of power Hybrid vehicles – These vehicles combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor that recharges while the vehicle is in indication. Plug-in hybrids – These vehicles also have combustion engines and rechargeable batteries, but the batteries may be charged immediately when the vehicle is plugged in. Fuel-cell vehicles – These vehicles produce their own power using onboard hydrogen fuel. They do not need to be plugged into an outlet to recharge. How do electric cars work? – Let’s take a deep look at how electric cars function, as well as some of the most pressing problems that they raise. We will concentrate on all-electric vehicles rather than hybrids or plug-in hybrids. We’ll keep things easy for now and just go through the essentials. Electric cars have an electric motor that drives the vehicle’s wheels. These motors are powered by batteries that are normally found in cars and trunks. A second or substitute battery is frequently used to power the electrics, lights and other such items. Electric automobiles have rechargeable batteries that can be charged from the power grid. This necessitates the use of a wall-mounted charger or rapid charger stations. Electric cars, of course, require a mechanism to regulate the amount of electricity drawn from the batteries to power the motor. A control unit is utilized for this operation with joint functioning of advantage of the accelerator. How electric cars affect the environment – Battery Electric cars, unlike traditional cars that operate on petrol or LPG or diesel, typically run on energy stored in their batteries. Electric car lithium-ion batteries may be recharged by plugging them into an external electrical socket. Owners may charge their cars at home or a commercial charging station by installing a charging port. Most electric vehicles have a driving range of roughly 200 miles (322 kilometers) per charge, which is suitable for regular trips. Emissions – Electric cars emit fewer pollutions into the atmosphere than traditional vehicles which re operating with fuels such as petrol or diesel. However, some people believe that making an electric car battery produces more CO2 than creating a standard vehicle. Electric car makers have taken many initiatives to address this problem, including reducing the usage of ecologically destructive kinds of energy in facilities. Despite their disadvantages throughout the manufacturing process, electric cars emit considerably less hazardous pollutions during their lifetime than gas or fuel-powered vehicles. Automobile manufacturers in the car segment from Japan, China, the USA, Germany, France and India are contributing their excellence significant attempts to innovate best world standards electric cars.  Maintenance costs – The original cost of an electric-powered car tends to be higher than that of a petroleum or diesel vehicle. But the running and maintenance costs in electric-powered vehicles are comparatively very low than fossil gas or fuel-based vehicles. With traditional cars, engine maintenance costs a tremendous amount of cash on changing the engine oil, coolant, transmission fluid and belts. For electric-powered automobiles, such costs disappear due to the absence of inner combustion engines. The maximum substantial possible maintenance and depreciation expenses on change of spares take place whilst changing a battery pack. However, the manufacturer’s battery assurance covers the cost in maximum cases. In addition to this, the buyers of electric cars in the course of action, are entitled to tax credit or incentives.  By 2030, the largest automotive markets will go electric- EVs will need to account for 75% of worldwide passenger car sales, which is much faster than the industry’s present development. We anticipate that Europe, as a regulatory-driven market with favorable consumer demand trends, will electrify the fastest and will continue to lead the world in EV market share. Several nations have already pledged an end to ICE sales by 2030, in addition to the European Commission’s objective of about 60% EV sales by 2030. In accordance with this, seven OEM brands in the European Union have promised to sell 100% electric vehicles by 2030. In the most likely expedited scenario, consumer adoption will outpace regulatory expectations, with Europe’s EV market share reaching over 75% by 2030. Conclusion – Electric cars are more environmentally friendly than internal-combustion cars. Batteries are being designed to last for a long time with minimum assurance and warranty. Battery recycling will become economically feasible as electric cars become increasingly common. Other energy sources, such as fuel compartments and renewable fuels are being researched, making the future of electric automobiles appear brighter. With the exception of the battery, electric car technology is simple enough that old automobiles may be changed from combustion to electric. References https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/electric-vehicles-future-transport https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/why-the-automotive-future-is-electric https://www.kia.com/dm/discover-kia/ask/are-electric-cars-the-future.html   Dr.S.SENTHILKUMAR is currently working as Assistant Professor in Finance and Management, Skyline University, Nigeria. He has PhD from  Anna University, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria