Knowledgebase & Articles

Introduction Journalism, as an act of information gathering and dissemination, has been in existence since time immemorial. Since human beings ‘cannot, not communicate’, the art of information gathering, processing and dissemination are sacrosanct to human civilization and development. In contemporary times, journalism has metamorphosed from its parochial scope in the age of Acta Diurna to a more advanced and more sophisticated practice attracting praise and scorn. The migration of human civilization from traditional society to the age of mass consumption as averse by Rostow 1960 (Rogers, 1976) not only transformed the societies economically but reshaped the media landscape drastically. As societies evolved, so does the media of communication and journalism practice. The continuous evolution of society portends occasional cultural shock. What was hitherto untoward or unheard of are normalized.  As this trend persists, journalism practitioners are at the receiving end of the continuous renegotiation among people in society as a result of the cultural shock. This sometimes led to conflict and violent uprisings. Journalism by its scope and orientation triumphs on drama, conflict and bizarre. The public wants the oddity. News is dictated by the unusual. And the societies keep serving the unusual through unforeseen circumstances like terrorism, banditry, ethnic uprising, coup, protest, amongst others.  According to Cottle (2017), the pursuit of oddities and the urge to keep the public updated sometimes subject journalists to threats and assault due to rampant conflict instigated by state and non-state players. The wake of insurgency in Nigeria tested the resolve of Nigerian journalists and they perform professionally without prior preparation, safety mechanism, welfare, institution backing, reporting guideline, protection gears, and most importantly, safety education (AbdulSalam, 2021). Therefore, there is a need for the inclusion of safety education as part of the mass communication and journalism training curriculum in Nigeria. Journalism Safety The concept of journalism safety transcends press freedom. It encompasses all forms of activities geared towards ensuring the protection of journalists from impunity through the media structure, media law, media ownership, access to media, digital inclusion, media literacy, gender, and journalism education (Carlsson, Pöyhtäri, 2017).  The safety of journalists must be guaranteed in line of duty for them to perform their functions optimally. For journalists to be regarded as operating in a safe environment, all the nine layers and types of safety challenges must be absent which are: physical, psycholog­ical, financial, legal, social and emotional, gen­der-specific, digital, topic-specific, and public risks (UNESCO, 2017). Jamil (2017) opines that physical risks connote the risk of being hurt or attacked in the line of duty. Psychological risks denote hassle and tension that may impede the chance of a journalist to carry out their duty freely and safely. Financial risks refer to the fear of job insecurity, pay-scale discrepancy and forced loss of job appointment. Legal risks comprise the availability of impunity for an attack on journalists; prejudicial trial against journalists; misapplication and misappropriation of laws against journalists and the availability of draconian media laws.  Social and emotional risks are the type of risks relating to apprehension, phobia, dejection, misdemeanor and lower self-esteem that occurs due to the country’s specific social milieu or a journalist’s immediate environment (i.e., workplace’s environment and socio-political environment). Gender-specific risks are those forms of risks that a journalist may come across as a result of their gender. This might be in the form of sexual assault, rape, harassment, discrimination and coercion. Digital risks are the online dangers that result from hacking, insult or aggressive e-mails or mobile messages and denigrating comments on social media. And finally, public risks connote all threats that occurred due to violent, unethical and condescending attitudes of local inhabitants towards journalists, such as verbal abuse and physical harm or attacks (Jamil, 2017). Need for Safety Education in Nigeria Globally, scholars have written extensively on the need for journalism safety and safety education. However, explicating the literature divulge a pattern of catchup in Africa and Nigeria to be specific (Pate, Oso, Jibril, 2017). In most African countries, the inclusion of safety education as part of the curriculum is mostly not available. Those institutions found to offer courses relating to safety mostly focused on conflict-sensitive reporting (Pate, Oso, Jibril, 2017). Meanwhile, safety education is central and fundamental to the safety of journalists on the field. Mardaras, Gonzalez, Penin (2017) argued that professional working conditions, journalists’ training and their professional experience, and safety training and equipment are the three cardinal principles of ensuring the safety of journalists covering dangerous beats.  In absence of training, journalists are bound to face dangers that might cost them their lives. Advanced countries with less risk have designed Programmes that cater to journalist safety education. In Spain for instance, the military provides trained journalists on safety and how to navigate dangerous terrain (Mardaras, Gonzalez, Penin, 2017). In the United States of America, a body called the Global Security Journalist provides training for journalists (Murthy, 2018). However, in Nigeria, despite the enormous risk journalists are exposed to, our higher institutions of learning are yet to mainstream safety training as part of their curriculum. Although some universities offer courses on conflict-sensitive reporting and peace journalism, most of them do not have courses specifically focusing on journalists’ safety as practiced globally.     Safety Education Curriculum We cannot over emphasis the importance of providing safety education to journalists in the face of dangers portend by the media working environment. Therefore, the Nigerian safety education curriculum should be modeled in such a way that will cover safety protocol, reporting manual, environmental awareness, exit plan, among others.  The curriculum should factor in the peculiarities of the modern safety threats journalists in Nigeria are experiencing. The curriculum should expose students to:  The element of risk, incident reporting guidelines and importance of the choice of refusal;  Hostile environment, First Aid, basic rules to follow and psychosocial support;  Assignment-specific safety advice and training; Insurance which includes regular correspondents against bodily harm, loss of life, property and equipment;  Legal protection and litigation support to fight impunity;  Resources, protective gear and finances required to cover dangerous or risky assignments;  Debriefing

Introduction Electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by gasoline-driven cars. Manufacturers around the world are focusing mostly on electric bands as a result of new technologies and legislation. Electric Vehicles (EVs) have the potential to eliminate the use of fossil fuels in the transportation industry for both passenger luxury vehicles and commercial carriage. Electrification of the transportation industry can also result in better energy efficiency and lower pollution levels in the local area. There are legitimate concerns, however, about meeting future energy demand for charging electric vehicle batteries with clean and renewable sources. More critically, the supply risks of essential material resources utilized in electric vehicle batteries highlight the question of long-term sustainability of electric vehicles. EV’s Existing and New Brand – Everyone is working on electric vehicles, from well-established existing manufacturer brands such as Audi A6 e-Tron, BMW i4, Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, Bollinger B2, Cadillac Lyriq, Chevrolet Silverado Electric, Ford Explorer EV, Honda Prologue, Hyundai Ioniq 5, Kia EV6, Lexus EV SUV, Mercedes-Benz EQA, Toyota bZ4X Concept, Volkswagen ID.8, Volvo C40 and new company’s brand such as Byton, Lordstown, Genesis Electrified G80, Subaru Solterra and Rivian. The battery only sources of power Hybrid vehicles – These vehicles combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor that recharges while the vehicle is in indication. Plug-in hybrids – These vehicles also have combustion engines and rechargeable batteries, but the batteries may be charged immediately when the vehicle is plugged in. Fuel-cell vehicles – These vehicles produce their own power using onboard hydrogen fuel. They do not need to be plugged into an outlet to recharge. How do electric cars work? – Let’s take a deep look at how electric cars function, as well as some of the most pressing problems that they raise. We will concentrate on all-electric vehicles rather than hybrids or plug-in hybrids. We’ll keep things easy for now and just go through the essentials. Electric cars have an electric motor that drives the vehicle’s wheels. These motors are powered by batteries that are normally found in cars and trunks. A second or substitute battery is frequently used to power the electrics, lights and other such items. Electric automobiles have rechargeable batteries that can be charged from the power grid. This necessitates the use of a wall-mounted charger or rapid charger stations. Electric cars, of course, require a mechanism to regulate the amount of electricity drawn from the batteries to power the motor. A control unit is utilized for this operation with joint functioning of advantage of the accelerator. How electric cars affect the environment – Battery Electric cars, unlike traditional cars that operate on petrol or LPG or diesel, typically run on energy stored in their batteries. Electric car lithium-ion batteries may be recharged by plugging them into an external electrical socket. Owners may charge their cars at home or a commercial charging station by installing a charging port. Most electric vehicles have a driving range of roughly 200 miles (322 kilometers) per charge, which is suitable for regular trips. Emissions – Electric cars emit fewer pollutions into the atmosphere than traditional vehicles which re operating with fuels such as petrol or diesel. However, some people believe that making an electric car battery produces more CO2 than creating a standard vehicle. Electric car makers have taken many initiatives to address this problem, including reducing the usage of ecologically destructive kinds of energy in facilities. Despite their disadvantages throughout the manufacturing process, electric cars emit considerably less hazardous pollutions during their lifetime than gas or fuel-powered vehicles. Automobile manufacturers in the car segment from Japan, China, the USA, Germany, France and India are contributing their excellence significant attempts to innovate best world standards electric cars.  Maintenance costs – The original cost of an electric-powered car tends to be higher than that of a petroleum or diesel vehicle. But the running and maintenance costs in electric-powered vehicles are comparatively very low than fossil gas or fuel-based vehicles. With traditional cars, engine maintenance costs a tremendous amount of cash on changing the engine oil, coolant, transmission fluid and belts. For electric-powered automobiles, such costs disappear due to the absence of inner combustion engines. The maximum substantial possible maintenance and depreciation expenses on change of spares take place whilst changing a battery pack. However, the manufacturer’s battery assurance covers the cost in maximum cases. In addition to this, the buyers of electric cars in the course of action, are entitled to tax credit or incentives.  By 2030, the largest automotive markets will go electric- EVs will need to account for 75% of worldwide passenger car sales, which is much faster than the industry’s present development. We anticipate that Europe, as a regulatory-driven market with favorable consumer demand trends, will electrify the fastest and will continue to lead the world in EV market share. Several nations have already pledged an end to ICE sales by 2030, in addition to the European Commission’s objective of about 60% EV sales by 2030. In accordance with this, seven OEM brands in the European Union have promised to sell 100% electric vehicles by 2030. In the most likely expedited scenario, consumer adoption will outpace regulatory expectations, with Europe’s EV market share reaching over 75% by 2030. Conclusion – Electric cars are more environmentally friendly than internal-combustion cars. Batteries are being designed to last for a long time with minimum assurance and warranty. Battery recycling will become economically feasible as electric cars become increasingly common. Other energy sources, such as fuel compartments and renewable fuels are being researched, making the future of electric automobiles appear brighter. With the exception of the battery, electric car technology is simple enough that old automobiles may be changed from combustion to electric. References https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/electric-vehicles-future-transport https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/why-the-automotive-future-is-electric https://www.kia.com/dm/discover-kia/ask/are-electric-cars-the-future.html   Dr.S.SENTHILKUMAR is currently working as Assistant Professor in Finance and Management, Skyline University, Nigeria. He has PhD from  Anna University, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

 The Therapeutic Roles of Ferullic Acid An organic acid, Ferullic acid, are available in some grains, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables e, g., Apple seeds, Barley, Bran, Citrus fruits, Corn, Eggplant, Flaxseed bread, Navy beans, Oatmeal, Popcorn, Rice, Rice bran oil, and Rye bread etc. Availability of Ferullic acid can be increased by cooking as it will break the cellular compartments where it is stored. Ferulic acid is found in high concentrations in various herbal products including in traditional Chinese medicine, e.g., dong quai (Angelica sinesis), sheng ma (Cimicifuga heracleifolia), and chuan xiong (Ligusticum chuangxiong). It has been shown to have many physiological functions e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity, anticancer, and antidiabetic effect (1). It is a very strong antioxidant. It executes its antioxidant function by triple mode: direct scavenging of free radicals, inhibiting enzymes responsible for free radical generation and enhancing the activity of scavenger enzymes. It is best known for its skin-protective properties and widely used in cosmetic industry. It is most often applied topically as anti-aging skin cream reversing the signs of aging, including growth of fine lines and wrinkles and damage from sunlight exposure. It is believed to neutralize free radicals of aged and damaged cells. The experimental study which indicated the role of Ferullic acid in protecting chronically ultra violet damaged skin against skin tumor development in mice, never included a control of treating mice with only Ferullic acid (2). Instead the study was conducted with Ferullic acid in combination with Vitamin E and C. Therefore, the result of the study remains doubtful today in grounding its role individually in healing skin lesion. Hence more studies with solid evidences are required. Besides the widely acceptance of role of Ferullic acid in skin protection, it is believed to enhance athletic performance and to prevent or treat certain health conditions e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Atherosclerosis, Cancer, Hypertension, Diabetes, Menopause and Osteoporosis. Unfortunately, the experimental studies of supporting its role in preventing or healing of each of this disease is pretty weak even today (3).  References: 1) Zduńska K., Dana A., Kolodziejczak A., Rotsztejn H. (2018) Antioxidant Properties of Ferulic Acid and Its Possible Application. Skin Pharmacol Physiol., 31:332-336. 2) Burns E. M., Tober K. L.,Riggenbach J. A., Kusewitt D. F., Young G. S. , Oberyszyn T. M. (2013) Differential effects of topical vitamin E and C E Ferulic® treatments on ultraviolet light B-induced cutaneous tumor development in Skh-1 mice. PLoS One., 14; e63809. 3) https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-benefits-of-ferulic-acid-89607#citation-2

Introduction. Climate change has been a significant issue in post-Cold War politics. About a week ago, world leaders met at Glasgow to discuss the progress of climate change in their respective countries and negotiated the necessary steps to move further in making the world environmentally safer. The 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of Parties (COP26) was seen by many as a follow up conference to the Paris agreement signed back in 2015 to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.  Historically, the first international panel on climate change was set up in 1988 as an organization to provide countries with scientific information to develop climate policies. Later the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established to protect against unsafe human interference with the climate, where the conference of Parties (COP) serves as the key decision-making body. Each year, the COP is held to discuss the progress made by members, negotiate the deliberate strategies needed to improve climate change. After two weeks of delegation among nations at the COP26. Here are the most significant outlooks of the conference. Firstly, over 100 countries now joined the  European Union and the United States  on methane gas emission reduction  by 30% against 2030 (Newburger, 2021). These include countries with the biggest methane production namely United States, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico and Brazil. Secondly both The United States and China, the two largest carbon gas emitters agreed to prevent global warming by enhancing clean energy and mitigating deforestation. All these efforts are to ensure that earth temperature does not suppress 1.5 Celsius which is 0.5 less than the 2015 Paris agreement (Lu, 2021). Thirdly another major issue deliberated during the conference was finance and funding. The issue here is the disparities between developed rich nations and the developing world. Countries like India heavily depend on coal from production. Promises were made during the Copenhagen summit  a decade back  to fund poorer developing countries 100 billion per year by 2020 (Lu, 2021). This is to encourage them to engage in climate adaption efforts. In response, donors promised to meet their 100 billion promise by 2023.  In line with the above, scholars have indicated that there is a need to do better despite this major adjustment, they fear in the coming years, the world will experience more flooding and heatwaves. According to climate scientists Daniel Swain. “If we don’t have large success this decade in bending the carbon curve … we will be producing an earth that looks very different in a few decades from now.” While others argued that setting this target is  progressive, implementing them is  a  harder  task  to do.  In a nutshell, the summit ended with the objective that nations should go back and return next year with tougher regulations strategies to combat climate change.  Reference COP26: What was agreed at the Glasgow climate conference?. BBC News. (2021). Retrieved 22 November 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56901261. Lu, C. (2021). 4 Key Takeaways From COP26. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 November 2021, from https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/11/15/cop26-climate-change-un-conference-takeaways/. Newburger, E. (2021). CNBB.com. Retrieved 22 November 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/16/un-cop26-climate-summit-what-was-accomplished.html. What is COP26?. Young Scot. (2021). Retrieved 22 November 2021, from https://young.scot/get-informed/national/whatiscop26?utm_source=Google+Ads&utm_medium=Paid&utm_campaign=COP26&gclid=Cj0KCQiAeeMBhCpARIsAAZfxZBlZP_YtvFV2FqR8f6TiOGhMEuINk1KkF9IeGnrxRZtpFI8a91eLEQaAvlZEALw_wcB.   Mr. Farid Illo is a Lecturer II in the Department of International Relations, Skyline University Nigeria. He holds a Master’s Degree in Strategic Studies from University Utara Malaysia (UUM) You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Telemedicine exploits the advances in telecommunication technology to transfer medical data from one location to another. The phenomenal expansion and rampant proliferation of internet services in the remotest parts of the globe have made the ‘Online Health Care’ now a reality. In 1998 the WHO defined telemedicine as: “….the delivery of healthcare services, where distance is the critical factor, by all healthcare professional using information and communication technologies for the prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing education of healthcare providers all in the interest of advancing the health of individual and their communities” [1]. Telemedicine is an effective technique to relieve hospital overcrowding and maximize the use of medical resources. Insufficient medical resources and misallocation of resources have become a global problem in medicine. With the advancement in communication and information technologies, telemedicine can now offer patients access to high-quality healthcare services. Telemedicine has tremendous potential to dramatically improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery providing patients with easy access to specialist expertise that was previously inaccessible or difficult to obtain. Telemedicine can be classed into three types of service delivery methods: store-and-forward, remote patient monitoring, and real-time interactive services [2]. In store-and-forward telemedicine service, first, the medical data (such as medical images and bio-signals) are digitalized and then the data is transmitted to a Doctor or medical specialist across distance and time. In remote patient monitoring, medical experts monitor a patient remotely using wearable gadgets, digital video, or other technologies. This method is mainly applied to manage chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and asthma. For the real-time interactive service, patients and doctors communicate through video conferencing. Typically, patients must visit a local telemedicine health center to receive this service, which is provided by the-specialists. Benefits That Come With the Use of Telemedicine Convenience Less expensive Time-saving Less traveling Useful in emergency condition Large target population can be reached easily A dramatic increase in telemedicine services was recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many patients who were unable to venture outside were forced to consult a medical specialist from their home via video conferencing. A Glo-Telemedicine Center in Lagos, is providing healthcare services to local Nigerians. This center has collaborations with healthcare providers from India, the U.S., Egypt, and other countries. The clinic is aimed to provide low-cost specialist services to many Nigerians [3]. Despite the potential of telemedicine in Nigeria, there have been obstacles to its widespread adoption [4], some of which are listed below: Inadequate infrastructural development High cost of set up Resistance to change Lack of access to required gadgets by patients Lack of affordability of telemedicine services by patients Internet connectivity Lack of constant power supply Lack of sufficient technicians Community acceptance By making medical expertise more accessible telemedicine can reduce regional diversity in diagnosis, treatment, and clinical care. Integration of telemedicine services into the existing health care delivery system can work wonders in many African countries. However, many challenges have to be first addressed only then the real beneficial power of the telemedicine services can be unleashed. Gradually, in the coming years, once these bottlenecks are solved, telemedicine will transform the healthcare delivery scenario not only in Nigeria but entire Africa. References: Pal, S.K., Pandey, G.S., Kesari, A., Choudhuri, G., Mittal, B. (2002). Telemedicine: E-health and hospital of the future. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 61, 414 – 422. Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Shi, Y. (2019). Impact of Telemedicine on Healthcare Service System Considering Patients’ Choice. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Volume 2019, Article ID 7642176, 16. New telemedicine center in Nigeria aims to keep patients at home. https://tinyurl.com/ny4btuxj Telemedicine: The Untapped Goldmine in Nigeria’s Healthcare System. Sydani Initiative for International Development. https://tinyurl.com/2vedjmj8 Dr. Sanjoy Kumar Pal is a Professor of Biology in Skyline University Nigeria. He has a PhD. in Animal Genetics from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Developing writing skills is germane to the advancement of language skills or wherewithal. Writing is the ability to document creative, academic, or imaginary ideas through scripting. Although hundreds of millions of people are still unable to read and write, humanity relies on writing to an unprecedented extent (Coulmas, 2004). Scholars allude to the writing culture in three major areas. They are Mesopotamia, China and Mesoamerica (Schmandt-Besserat and Erard, 2008). However, since civilization, different countries have adopted the culture of writing to document their historical and sociocultural realities. There are five distinctive writing techniques that writers use to communicate their thoughts and creative ideas and make good money. They include: Narrative writing Analytical writing Expository writing Persuasive writing  Argumentative writing Narrative writing is a text type that is used to tell captivating, enlightening or didactic. Narrative writings are presented in the past tense form because it relays what happens in the past. Popular narrative writings include autobiographies, biographies, memoirs and fictional stories Analytical writing is a form of writing which entails the presentation of logical or critical ideas about a topic or scenario. Analytical writing is expected to go beyond vivid descriptions about a subject matter but captures objective notions of the writer based on deep intellectual ruminations. Expository writing is a technique of writing used to expose relatively unknown ideas to the readers. Expository writing more often than not, exposes readers to the nitty-gritty of a subject matter, topic or situation. Persuasive writing is a technique of writing which entails the use of emotive languages and interpersonal tones to ensure people take action or step about a particular subject matter. Persuasive writing is often used to fan the embers of commitment to a particular cause or objective. Persuasive writing is a technique often used in advertorials. Argumentative writing is a technique of writing which involves argumentation. It is often used when there is a notion to buttress or confute. Argumentative writing is used when the writer wants to convince or realign the readers to particular thought or notion. All writing techniques require investigation, data collection, diligent research and evaluation of evidence. Hence the development of writing skills is a delicate process that can only be achieved through conscious and dedicated efforts. Impeccable writing skills is not a day’s job because it needs to be cultivated or developed through constant practice, comprehension of writing techniques and acquisition of writing style. References Coulmas, F., (2002). Writing Systems: An introduction to their linguistic analysis. United Kingdom: Cambridge University press.  Schmandt-Besserat, D., & Erard, M. (2008). Origins and forms of writing. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.   Mr. Adelokun Adetunji Oluwapelumi is a Lecturer II at the School of Art, Management and Social Science, Skyline University Nigeria. He has a Master of Arts Degree in English Literature from the University of Ibadan.  You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Innovation is at the heart of entrepreneurship. Innovation is a word derived from the Latin word “innovare” which means into new. The simplest way to define innovation is by doing something different. Howard Schultz, chief executive and chairman of Starbucks coffee company for more than 20 years, defines innovation: “Innovation must be disruptive. And by disruptive, I mean disruptive. You got to fracture and break the rules and disrupt.” For businesses to thrive in a competitive landscape, they have to be willing to adapt and change – but what does innovation mean in business? Business innovation is the creation of substantial new value for the company and customers by creatively changing or improving one or two dimensions of the business systems (Sawhney, 2006). Business innovation is when an organization introduces something new – whether it’s a new product, services, process, or new market strategy to reinvigorate the company and promote growth and new value. This includes an improvement on an existing practice or method or starting from scratch. Technology also has a connection to innovation. A product that has a combination of other products but with new technology is also seen as a new innovative product (Dolfsma & Leenders, 2016). For any business to become successful, it must have the ability to come up with new ideas to keep the operation running and the services and products fresh. Here is why Innovation is the Key to Success of Any Business Innovation has a link to growth. Studies have revealed that innovation can generate opportunities for persistent growth (Zanchettin & Denicoló, 2016). Businesses strive after growth and the strategy of innovation has been proposed as the greatest strategy in the fight for growth. Deloitte in 2015 had conducted an Innovation Survey which showed as many as 66 percent of companies, stated that innovation is very vital for growth. Innovation helps you gain more customers and grab a bigger share of the market. Innovation helps businesses create a niche in competition. The market is vast and it is occupied with many other companies and individual businesses that may be selling the same category of products as you. Businesses need to stand out differently among all this competition. This is where innovation can help. With the right innovation, businesses can offer something extremely different and unique to their customers. Businesses can take some existing products and give a twist to them, give them a unique shape and make them much better than their original form. This is what makes products stand out in the market and it naturally also means more profit. Innovation can also help meet customer needs. In a very much competitive market, customers needs are dynamic and are constantly evolving. What you are providing them with today may have a great response from their end. But you cannot be sure if tomorrow the situation is going to be the same. They might be demanding something else. Innovative business ideas have the power to anticipate market changes even before they happen and provide solutions to people even before they feel the need for them. This way your customers are satisfied most of the time. It’s tough to meet customer needs unless you bring in constant innovation in your business. If you are happy with the status quo and refuse to introduce new ideas, your business may start struggling. It’s a must to come up with innovations all the time to excite and please your customers if you want your business to stay relevant. How to embrace innovation  Innovation is an idea that has been converted into practical reality. To drive business growth, companies need to stay relevant in times of change and differentiate their products from competitors. Business leaders must think creatively and embrace innovation in their business models. Willingness to innovate is not the only component for success, however: managers and leaders must also have a firm understanding of how to bring the innovation to life. One way of doing this is by acquiring the experience of working on challenging, exciting and innovative projects, as doing so will give you the exposure and skills you need to be an innovation driver within an organization. References Tohidi, H. (2012). Innovation as a success key for organizations.  Druker, p. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship; Practice and principles. New York: Harper and Row Greenfield SM and Strickon A (1986). Introduction. In: Greenfield SM and Strickon A (eds) Entrepreneurship and Social Change.   Ms. Aisha Turaki Ibrahim is an Assistant Lecturer of the Department of Management, School of Arts, Management and Social Science, Skyline University Nigeria. She holds a Master’s Degree in International Business Management from Sheffield Hallam University (U.K) You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Libraries are often regarded as important social institutions, and no network is considered complete without a library framework. In any event, libraries are transforming as a result of the impact of ICT, changing benefactor demands, altering data conditions, or Web/attempt Google’s to replace Reference Librarians. The needs of library clients are changing, and thanks to ICT, the assets, administrations, and outcomes of libraries are changing as well. This innovation could be used by libraries to reorganize access to structures, assets, and administrations. Custodians will be able to tell who is coming into the library, where they reside, what books they have looked at, and if any of their books are overdue if they use the technology. The following are the technological innovation used in modern libraries: Virtual reality  Barathi & Loganathan (2017) posits that computer-generated reality is another invention, and people are interested in using it in a variety of settings, from prescriptions to gaming. VR “involves immersing a real client in a reenacted domain using 3D illustrations and advanced connectivity.” These can also be used by libraries to better serve their patrons. Virtual reality is a software-created artificial world that is presented to the user in such a way that the user suspends disbelief and accepts it as a real environment. Virtual reality is mostly experienced on a computer using two of the five senses: sight and sound. The virtual reality at Skyline University Nigeria (SUN) depicts the building’s structures and resources, including the library, where visitors may view all of the 3D images. Alexa The Amazon Echo is a voice-activated wireless speaker from Amazon’s digital assistant. In 2014, it was initially released. The device is linked to Alexa, a voice-controlled intelligent personal assistant service that responds to the name “Alexa.” SUN has introduced its voice assistant service, which allows users to learn about the library’s history and its information resources and services. (Muhammed, 2021). Using Alexa has helped in terms of digital references services provided in the library where users can get acquainted and familiarized with the library services. Digital interface for printed books  The advanced interface is a useful tool for using eBooks. It might be completed by browsing at the content of a book, finding a reference on the internet, or producing a book passage using the same apparatus that was used to read this EBook. Instead of a print book, you can use an eBook. The replicate and discover parts of digital books, as well as all of the major choices from papers, are available at SUN Library, allowing users to enjoy the benefit of technological progress. KOHA Koha is an open-source, public-access Integrated Library System (ILS). It is used to automate library services ranging from book checkout and card creation to more administrative tasks such as statistical work and branch library setup. Koha is a Maori word that means “gift” or “donation.” Automating with Koha has made acquisitions, cataloging, circulation, and other activities at SUN Library much easier and faster. As a result, information resources are easily obtained, and new acquisitions have reached the shelves quickly in a way that would be unthinkable in a non-automated library. The extra time saved is used to expand the library’s service offerings. RFID  RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), which combines radiofrequency and microchip technology, is widely acknowledged as one of the most important uses in today’s society, including librarianship. The purpose of this technology is to increase library security for everyone. By minimizing theft, non-returns, and misfiling, RFID promises to improve the control of a library’s assets. The SUN’s RFID technology allows patrons to check out and return library materials at any time of day. It keeps the library collections in better order and reduces librarians’ repetitious movements, in addition to speeding up checkouts.  Conclusion  Libraries have always been associated with sharing information, culture, and abilities, and these modern advanced administrations are just one way of attracting customers and providing services to help them make their lives easier. Innovation continues to evolve, and as it does, it is becoming more integrated with society. References Baba, A. Bhardwaj, R.  Dhaka, S.S., Ashraf, T. & Hasan, N (Eds.). (2018). Developing Smart Libraries: Changes, Challenges, Issues & Strategies: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Asian Libraries (ICAL-2018). (pp. xix, 688). New Delhi: Asian Library Association. Barathi S, Loganathan G, R. (2017) V.R. Advances in Computational Sciences and Technology ISSN 0973-6107;10 (5):1479-86 Muhammed, M. (2021) Alexa in the library.  Skyline University, Nigeria. Knowledge update.sun.edu.ng/knowledge-update/alexa-in-the-library Koha Library Software Community (2011). Horowhenua Library Trust Koha Committee Rules Koha Library Software Community. Retrieved from Koha-Community.org: http://kohacommunity.org/about/koha-project-organization/horowhenua-library-trustkoha-committee-rules Singh, J., Brar, N., & Fong, C. (2006). The State of RFID Applications in Libraries. Information Technology and Libraries, 25(1), 24-32. doi: 10.6017/ital.v25i1.3326.   Mr Abdulqawiyyu Mustapha is a  Library Assistant in Skyline University Nigeria. He has a Degree in Library Science from Bayero University Kano (BUK), Kano. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

The recurring questions in the mind of medical officials and other scientists whenever a new infectious disease, just like the case of Covid-19 comes to light is “will this disease ever be eradicated from the population or will it become an epidemic?” To answer this question George Macdonald (1952) was able to derive a number called quantity basic reproduction rate which was used to determine if malaria will become an epidemic or it will die out. As time pass on mathematicians and epidemiologist continue to use the reproduction number to predict how a disease will act in a population.  What are Reproduction Numbers?  Reproduction numbers are generally of two types, the basic reproduction number and the effective reproduction number. Basic reproduction Number:  Basic reproduction number () according to Rahman B et al (2020) in the World Health Organization (WHO) bulletin, defined basic reproduction numbers as ‘an indication of the initial transmissibility of the virus, i.e., the average number of secondary infections generated by each infected person.’ In other words, it can be said to be the number of secondary infections caused by a single infected individual in a population assuming that all the population are susceptible to the disease without any herd immunity. For example, if the basic reproduction number for a disease is 20 it means that any infected individual is most likely going to infect 20 people with the disease. Effective reproduction number In this kind of reproduction number, The population is most likely not all going to be susceptible to a disease due to either some people having natural immunity, been vaccinated or gain immunity as a result of recovery from the disease or previous immunization. Hence the effective reproduction number can be defined as the average number of secondary cases per infectious case in a population made up of both susceptible and non-susceptible. The effective reproduction number is usually less than the basic reproduction number.  Factors affecting the Reproduction number The reproductive number is affected by several factors which include: How frequent the populations are in contact: the more the contact between the population the higher the reproduction number and vice versa.  How contagious is the disease: If the disease is highly contagious the reproduction number is likely going to be higher compared to a less contagious disease. How long is the disease infectious: disease with a higher duration of infectiousness will have a higher reproduction number than those with lower infectiousness. The interpretation of the reproduction number Generally, the value of the reproduction number is used to determine if the disease will eventually die out of the population with time or will become endemic to the population. If the reproduction number  then the disease will become endemic in the population but if the  then the disease will eventually die out after some time. Reference Macdonald G (1952). “The analysis of equilibrium in malaria”. Tropical Diseases Bulletin. 49 (9): 813–29. PMID 12995455. Rahman B, Aziz I.A, Khdhr F.W & Mahmood D.F.D. (2020). Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 in the Middle East. [Preprint]. Bull World Health Organ. E-pub: 1 May 2020. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.262295 Rothman K.J, Lash T, Greenland S. (2013). Modern Epidemiology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.   Mr. Agada Apeh Andrew is a Lecturer II at the Department of Mathematical Sciences in Skyline University Nigeria (SUN). He has completed his MSc in Mathematics from the Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Every year, 19% of adults, 46% of teens, and 13% of kids suffer from mental disorders. [1] You may have mentally ill people in your family, neighborhood, teaching your kids, colleagues at work, or even sitting in the same prayer spot as you regularly. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 50 million Nigerians – or one in every four – suffer from a mental illness. But, less than 10% of mentally ill Nigerians receive the attention they need,[2] because of the stigma associated with mental health that prevents many from seeking help. What is a stigma? Modern culture is widespread with persistent stereotypes. After they have been in place for a long amount of time, they may be difficult to deconstruct and overcome the obstacles they provide. A stigma is an unfavorable and sometimes unjust societal attitude toward a person or group that is based on a perceived weakness or difference in their lives. It is used to humiliate people and groups. Singular individuals or groups may stigmatize people who live in a specific manner, adhere to certain cultural standards, or embrace certain lifestyles, or suffer from medical conditions such as mental disorders. Mental health stigma It is commonly assumed that those who suffer from mental illnesses or who seek treatment for their emotional problems such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder, may be worthless members of society. It is the feeling that others may perceive you with negativity because of your mental health issues especially from your family, friends, coworkers, and the community at large. It may keep individuals from receiving assistance, integrating into society, and enjoying happy and comfortable lives. Stereotypes are incorrect, derogatory, and insulting portrayals of whole groups of people. People may quickly judge others based on a few distinguishing traits that apply to everyone in that group. For example, depressed individuals are frequently characterized as lethargic, whereas anxious ones are cowardly. Many individuals dread being branded “crazy” for seeking therapy. None of these descriptions are accurate, yet they all inflict suffering and deter individuals from seeking assistance. The stereotype of individuals with mental illness is aggressive or dangerous. However, a minority of mentally ill individuals conduct violent actions. As a result, they are people we should be shielding rather than frightening. Why is mental health stigmatized? A person’s mental health condition may cause them to act in socially or culturally unacceptable ways. Widespread lack of knowledge, poor education, erroneous perceptions, and fear may all contribute to increased mental illness stigma. Effects of mental health stigma According to per Mental Health Foundation, almost 90% of those who have a mental illness faces stigma and discrimination. [3]. They further assert that those who suffer from mental illnesses are less likely to find work, form long-term relationships, live in good housing, and participate in social activities and organizations. Stigma towards people with mental illnesses may exacerbate symptoms and hinder recovery. Stigma may also discourage people from seeking assistance. Stigma isn’t always apparent or big. It may be found in the language used to describe mental illness or individuals living with it. Using harsh, insulting, or dismissive words may be distressing to hear. This may make individuals feel alone and that no one understands their situation.  How to overcome mental health stigma The bulk of stigma stems from misunderstanding and misguided fear. Therefore, public education is critical. When a friend, family member, or colleague has a mental illness, it’s essential to research trustworthy sources of information. Individuals with mental illnesses may actively participate in their therapy. They may also consider hiring an advocate if they feel stigmatized in daily life situations like work, housing, or healthcare.  “Can you tell me how you combat stigma?” Reduce the stigma of mental illness, embrace equality for physical and mental illness, promote compassion for individuals suffering from mental illness, foster empowerment, openly acknowledge treatment, and report on public displays of shame and self-stigma? What You Can Do to Help A great deal of discrimination and bias against people with mental illness still exists due to the way that they are often portrayed in the media, as well as the widespread lack of knowledge about mental health issues. Many people instead associate mental health problems with common stereotypes, such as the word “crazy” or “psycho.” People suffering from mental illness experience mental health stigma, which limits the number of people who seek treatment and the resources available for offering it. Stigma and misinformation may intimidate those who are dealing with mental health issues. What you can do to lend a hand: Individuals who are treated with respect and acceptance are better equipped to cope with their condition. Having people see you as a person rather than a patient may have a major impact on your mental health. It is essential that these people have the same rights and opportunities as the rest of your religious group, school, and community. Learning about mental health allows us to better assist others in our homes and communities. In 2019, WHO announced the WHO Special Initiative for Mental Health (2019-2023): Universal Health Coverage for Mental Health to help 100 million additional people in 12 priority countries receive excellent mental health treatment [4]. This is our collective voice. It seems like the characteristics we need to confront mental illness and stigma. Whatever you do to help the mental health movement, remember that mental illness is no one’s fault, regardless of what society thinks. Being and living Stigma-Free makes a difference. References: The Importance of Mental Health Awareness by Jean Holthaus, LISW, LMSW (2021). Website: https://www.pinerest.org/mental-health-awareness-blog/ Nigeria has a mental health problem by Socrates Mbamalu (2019). Website: https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/10/2/nigeria-has-a-mental-health-problem What is mental health stigma? By Lois Zoppi (2020). Website: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mental-health-stigma#effects https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/special-initiative-for-mental-health-(2019-2023)   Mrs. Jyoti Rajwar, is a Lecturer II in Skyline University Nigeria. She has MSc in Microbiology from G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria