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Understanding, shaping and combining matter at the atomic and molecular scale is called nanotechnology. Nanotechnology encompasses science, medicine, engineering, computing and robotics at this scale, called the Nano scale. Nanotechnology offers the potential for new and faster kinds of computers, more efficient power sources and life-saving medical treatments. Numerous studies suggest that nanotechnology will have major, long-term effects on agriculture and food production. Nanoparticles have enhanced reactivity due to enhanced solubility, greater proportion of surface atoms relative to the interior of a structure, unique magnetic/optical properties, electronic states, and catalytic reactivity that differ from equivalent bulk materials. The positive morphological effects of nanomaterials include enhanced germination percentage and rate; length of root and shoot, and their ratio; and vegetative biomass of seedlings along with enhancement of physiological parameters like enhanced photosynthetic activity and nitrogen metabolism in many crop plants. Additionally, this technology holds the promise of controlled release of agrochemicals and site targeted delivery of various macromolecules needed for improved plant disease resistance, efficient nutrient utilization and enhanced plant growth. Meanwhile, concerns have been raised about potential adverse effects of nanoparticles on biological systems and the environment such as toxicity generated by free radicals leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Under this scenario, there is a need to predict the environmental effect of these nanoparticles in the near future. Additional disadvantages include economic disruption and possible threats to security, privacy, health and the environment. Nanotechnology in Manufacturing Nanotechnology is already making new materials available that could revolutionize many areas of manufacturing. For example, nanotubes and nanoparticles, which are tubes and particles only a few atoms across, and aerogels, materials composed of very light and strong materials with remarkable insulating properties, could pave the way for new techniques and superior products. In addition, robots that are only a few nanometers in length, called nanobots, and nanofactories could help construct novel materials and objects. Nanotechnology in Energy generation Nanotechnology may transform the ways in which we obtain and use energy. In particular, it’s likely that nanotechnology will make solar power more economical by reducing the cost of constructing solar panels and related equipment. Energy storage devices will become more efficient as a result. Nanotechnology will also open up new methods of generating and storing energy. Nanotechnology in Electronics and Computing The field of electronics is set to be revolutionized by nanotechnology. Quantum dots, for example, are tiny light-producing cells that could be used for illumination or for purposes such as display screens. Silicon chips can already contain millions of components, but the technology is reaching its limit; at a certain point, circuits become so small that if a molecule is out of place the circuit won’t work properly. Nanotechnology will allow circuits to be constructed very accurately on an atomic level. Nanotechnology in Medicine Nanotechnology has the potential to bring major advances in medicine. Nanobots could be sent into a patient’s arteries to clear away blockages. Surgeries could become much faster and more accurate. Injuries could be repaired cell-by-cell. It may even become possible to heal genetic conditions by fixing the damaged genes. Nanotechnology could also be used to refine drug production, tailoring drugs at a molecular level to make them more effective and reduce side effects. Nanotechnology in Environmental pollution Some of the more extravagant negative future scenarios have been debunked by experts in nanotechnology. For example: the so-called “gray goo” scenario, where self-replicating nanobots consume everything around them to make copies of themselves, was once widely discussed but is no longer considered to be a credible threat. It is possible, however, that there will be some negative effects on the environment as potential new toxins and pollutants may be created by nanotechnology. Nanotechnology in Economic Upheaval It is likely that nanotechnology, like other technologies before it, will cause major changes in many economic areas. Although products made possible by nanotechnology will initially be expensive luxury or specialist items, once availability increases, more and more markets will feel the impact. Some technologies and materials may become obsolete, leading to companies specializing in those areas going out of business. Changes in manufacturing processes brought about by nanotechnology may result in job losses. Nanotechnology in Privacy and Security Nanotechnology raises the possibility of microscopic recording devices, which would be virtually undetectable. More seriously, it is possible that nanotechnology could be weaponized. Atomic weapons would be easier to create and novel weapons might also be developed. One possibility is the so-called “smart bullet,” a computerized bullet that could be controlled and aimed very accurately. These developments may prove a boon for the military; but if they fell into the wrong hands, the consequences would be dire. Nanotechnology in Phyto-toxicity Plants are an essential base component of all ecosystems and play a critical role in the fate and transport of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment through plant uptake and bioaccumulation (Xingmao et al. 2010). It is also important to mention that the bioaccumulation, biomagnification and biotransformation of engineered nanoparticles in food crops are still not well understood. Very few nanoparticles and plant species have been studied with respect to the accumulation and subsequent availability of nanoparticles in food crops. Most commonly encountered ENPs in the environment fall into one of the five following categories: carbonaceous nanoparticles, metal oxides, quantum dots, zero valent metals and nanopolymers. These ENPs closely interact with their surrounding environment and as a result ENPs will inevitably interact with plants and these interactions such as uptake and accumulation in plant biomass will greatly affect their fate and transport in the environment. ENPs could also adhere to plant roots and exert physical or chemical toxicity on plants. For interacting with plants ENPs have to penetrate cell walls and plasma membranes of epidermal layers in roots to enter vascular tissues (xylem) in order to be taken up and Trans located through stems to leaves. Cell walls, through which water molecules and other solutes must pass to enter into roots, are a porous network of polysaccharide fiber matrices. ENP aggregates with a

Introduction A new phase in the COVID-19 pandemic has arrived. It is a period for trust yet additionally for alert. The finish of the lockdown won’t spell a re-visitation of the old “normal”, nor will it be widespread. The initial will take various shapes, with various nations, various locales, and diverse business areas opening up in various manners and at contrasting paces. The infection actually hides and the capacity to contain its spread will direct what occurs straightaway; any resurgence will probably achieve recharged limitations. Large-scale testing and following, the expansive accessibility of covers, and adequate escalated care limit in medical clinics will decide the pace of recovery. By what method can organizations explore this troublesome climate, particularly in the following barely any weeks, as the limitations are released? Their energy to restart and reconstruct is justifiably huge, yet so are the issues that a re-visitation of business raises. What is the financial health—and state of mind—of suppliers and consumers? How can employees be motivated to return to work and reassured about their safety? How quickly will demand return? What will health and safety stipulations mean for the organization of operations and supply chain? Ten key stratagems for restarting MSMEs  Companies will need to take a holistic approach to restarting. This short paper is based on the secondary sources of information collected from news media – conversations and interview given by CEO and Chairman of large European and Asian companies from all sectors, who provided a broad view of their issues and concerns about the end of lockdown. 1. Creating a detailed re-launch map – The emergency has broken huge numbers of the presumptions and devices that business chiefs depend on for dynamic, however for the restart, they should characterize a strong structure for activity in a profoundly unpredictable climate. The best approach is to develop a detailed re-launch map—country by country, site by site, segment by segment, customer by customer, and product by product—in order to prioritize recovery opportunities. This guide will manage creation, flexibly chain, and advertising and deals endeavors, and help decide a recuperation timetable for each site. 2. Government’s economic responses to COVID-19 pandemic – have incorporated a variety of measures to help individuals and organizations endure the hardship. MSMEs are in a particularly troublesome position. Plunging request has constrained them to lay off laborers, and many don’t have the monetary assets to get by in this atmosphere. In numerous nations, up to 33% of MSMEs could become penniless inside a quarter of a year of when the pandemic started in their nations. MSMEs represent 66% of worldwide business and half of worldwide GDP. An inability to secure them could put the whole worldwide economy in danger. 3. Reshape customer experiences for the new normal – A change that won’t just be impermanent for a pretty much long period of restart, yet that will likely be authoritative. Presently it’s an ideal opportunity to reshape your customer experience, designing fast new products and services to be distributed through every channel, with communication plans coherent with these times. Answer aptitude and information in the plan of advanced encounters will uphold clients to comprehend and plan the new needs, issues and openings brought up in this absolutely new setting. 4. Providing customers with safety guarantees that restore trust In Asia, this has prompted the presentation of new practices, for example, temperature controls at the passage of stores, the arrangement of hydro alcoholic gel in retail outlets and on open vehicle, the summed up utilization of contactless strategies for both installment and conveyance. In the Middle East, the aircraft Emirates has presented thermal screening of all travelers getting onto its trips in Dubai and is requesting that they wear face covers ready. The carrier means to send similar measures on a more extensive scale. 5. Safeguarding the health of employees – Many employees are anxious to re-visitation of work, yet many are additionally stressed over having the option to do so securely. Organizations should both console workers about security and discover approaches to spur them in a post-lockdown world. Two simultaneous actions will be needed like- Ensure employee safety in the workplace Extend protection measures to employees outside the office, as has been done by multinationals in Southeast Asia and China. For example, provide employees with safety equipment (hydro alcoholic gel, masks, and gloves) for personal use. 6. Phases of resilient business from the COVID-19 crisis – Now is an ideal opportunity to turn your consideration toward Recover, to guarantee your business is prepared to Thrive. We accept that business systems in the recuperation stage will be best coordinated through three basic activities: reflect, restart, and revive. These activities can assist organizations with spanning the emergency reaction to an effective future, by establishing the framework to flourish in the fallout of the crisis. 7. Understand Investment Trade-offs – Lastly, understand risks of capital debt versus reinvestment. We suggest organizations apply for minimal effort credits on the off chance that they are strapped for cash. The assets, for instance, can be utilized to buy new equipment for a line that will set you up for accomplishment later on. In this way, so, it may be better to get the loan rather than fighting the good fight only to see moderate equipment gainfulness and confining development openings. 8. The plan of action for returning to work sites – 9. Embrace the cultural and behavioral shifts that COVID-19 introduced – While online sales and services were already growing rapidly in many countries, the pandemic has catapulted online retail into overdrive. Something other than food and home remedies, interest for administrations, going from instructional classes and amusement have all expanded. Organizations have a valuable opportunity to capitalize on the significant behavioral and social movements of the previous barely any weeks with the goal that they convey across into a non-COVID world. This may mean creating Omni-channel plans of action that join advanced and up close and personal contributions. 10. Establish credibility with your clients

What are Bioplastics? Bioplastics are biobased products which, because of their biodegradability and renewability, allow for greater product sustainability. As bioplastics that biodegrade to CO2 and H2O mitigate the adverse effects of standard plastics (litter and damage to aquatic environments), their use is attractive. Two of the biggest issues with conventional plastics are the fact that they are made from non-renewable petroleum, and once discarded, they remain around for decades Instead of petroleum, renewable feedstocks such as maize, sugarcane and algae can be used, decreasing global reliance on crude oil and decreasing the effects on the environment It can either be produced by extracting sugar from plants such as maize and sugarcane to be processed into polylactic acids (PLAs), or it can be produced from microorganism-engineered polyhydroxyalkanoates ( PHAs). It is also sometimes referred to as bio-based plastic. In food packaging, PLA plastic is widely used, although in medical devices such as sutures and cardiovascular patches, PHA is also used .Bioplastics currently account for just about 1 percent of the > 360 million tonnes of plastics manufactured annually, but with annual growth of 20-30 percent, despite rising global environmental awareness. Reduced prices, legislation, and growing demand for consumer awareness are increasing due to the production of advanced biopolymers and materials [1]. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) In 1926, French researcher Maurice Lemoigne discovered that Bacillus megaterium, a bacterium much larger than E. coli was stressed, the microbe will generate polyhydroxybutyrate, or PHB. This can be used to create plastic that only CO2, water and organic biomass as it breaks down.Sadly, little is done with PHB because processing is up to 100 times costlier than other plastics, and cost is not anticipated to decrease in the future. In order to do something about these evidence, scientists have tried to change plants in a genetic way to generate pHB like fermenting bacteria [2]. Current Trends The recent pandemic have boosted the marked of bacteria PHA based bioplastic keeping in concern the degradation caused by conventional plastic. Scientists at the German Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology began with industrial waste such as fats containing a high amount of residual minerals in order to manufacture ‘eco-friendly’ plastic. Genetically engineered bacteria then metabolised those minerals inside a fermentation chamber and transformed them into a biopolymer known as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). The microbes processed it as an energy source in their cells in liquid form. Once the PHB was eventually dissolved from the bacteria, it was combined with patented chemical additives, which allowed the PHB to harden much faster than would otherwise have been the case, among other things. What resulted was a biologically derived polyester that is said to exhibit properties close to those of polypropylene. That said, if the polyester based on PHB is put in an ordinary landfill, it is reportedly completely broken down within six to 12 months by naturally occurring micro-organisms [3]. In order to replace conventional fossil-based raw materials, the EU-funded REFUCOAT project has successfully produced a new range of processes for manufacturing bioplastics for food packaging from renewable materials.REFUCOAT has developed three different bio-based active packaging systems using these bioplastics, which include polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA), specifically formulated for fresh chicken, breadcrumbs and crisps[4]. The market for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is forecast to hit an estimated volume of 45.49 tonnes by 2027, with a growth rate of 7.60 per cent for the forecast market Increased usage of polyhydroxyalkanoates in different COVID applications, one of which is expected to drive the demand for polyhydroxyalkanoates in the 2020-2027 forecast era [5]. Source:-Data Bridge Market Research We can’t get rid of conventional plastic at once and the era of bio plastic will definitely take time to come and flourish because of many challenges. Although we can contribute by minimizing our use and dependency. This is a field right now for entrepreneurial investors. There’s no shortage of incredible opportunity for alternatives. As biofuels are part of the broader sense of a renewable energy market, bioplastics can be seen as part of a systemic approach to the transition to a sustainable plastic industry. To identify the net contribution of these materials, detailed lifecycle analyses are also important, as their processing can require energy-intensive measures. Researchers and other stakeholders all have a role to play by closely analysing the usage of energy when importing biochemicals, maximising the use of water and energy during the production of bioplastics, and designing the final storage, recycling and selection of the commodity. References: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/11/are-bioplastics-made-from-plants-better-for-environment-ocean-plastic/ .https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/01/are-bioplastics-all-hype-or-the-future-of-textiles/ https://newatlas.com/environment/bioplastic-waste-biodegrades-one-year/ https://packagingeurope.com/eu-funded-project-reports-success-with-bioplastic-projects/ https://aerospace-journal.com/coronavirus/299084/polyhydroxyalkanoates-pha-market-will-reach-an-estimated-volume-of-45-49-tons-by-2027-top-companies-danimer-scientific-biomatera-inc-bio-mer-international/   Mrs. Jyoti Rajwar, is a Lecturer II in Skyline University Nigeria. She has MSc in Microbiology from G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Computer science is one of the very popular major course/degree Programmeme among global students. There are several bases that computer science is very popular, including outstanding career security, especially high paid salaries, and also assorted job opportunities across various industries. In Skyline University Nigeria, we exclusively concentrate on these tricks for computer science student’s growth. Here are a few useful tricks to keep in mind to be an unbeaten Computer Science student. Focal point on enhancing practical Computer Science skills Most of Computer Science and Information Technology courses are not only theory-based compared to courses from other types of majors such as management, economics, social sciences, etc. Even though Computer Science (CS) and Information Technology (IT) degree include various theory-based classes, the approach of those courses are far more concentrated in practical skills. For instance, right after theoretical classes say for an example web design and development, you must have to apply the theoretical knowledge which is learnt through practical web development in a computer laboratory and also with various projects. Should learn more after the classes Most of Computer Science and IT courses are rocking interesting. But it won’t cover all the handiness the student might need in a job. For example, if you are learning the course called Software Engineering and you are planning to go into software development, the student should also learn significant Programmeming languages related to software development.  The student of computer science may need to update themselves and always should have a thirst to learn new Programmeming languages on their own, skyline university Nigeria is helping students to update their knowledge in these areas by giving various webinars, conferences, knowledge sharing lecture series etc. Also, students can start up with introductions to online Programmeming languages, some courses are offered for free (W3Schools, Linkedin), such as Python, MATLAB, Java, DART and much more. Time Planning and Test abilities tourism  Scheduling time properly is very important and after completing core assignments or projects, ICT students are advised to hit Google and find out what type of computing skills tech companies are looking for. Particularly, look into further details on the exact requirements at those specific companies you dream of working for. When you are learning Web design and development – The computer science student could also make simple websites or Programmes just for themself to test their abilities and push them further. If you want to study Computer Science and Information Technology (IT) at top-ranked universities, check Programmemes offered by some of the best universities ranked by UniRank, One of the best universities in Africa for a Computer Science degree, especially in Nigeria: Skyline University Nigeria (https://www.4icu.org/reviews/18431.htm) Some of the best universities in the USA for a Computer Science degree: California Institute of Technology  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Georgia Institute of Technology Do not need to be an isolated guzzle Being able to work on your own and independently motivate yourself is great, and you’ll need that. But don’t forget that you’re not alone, and its’ highly unlikely you’ll be alone in the workplace as well. You’re likely to be part of a team. Teamwork takes some skills you’ll need to brush up on and work constantly. Once you’ll find a good study group, you’ll surely enjoy meeting with your peers, sharing ideas and working on interesting projects. After all, that’s just the classical way innovation starts: with a few genius minds that come together and work on a new invention until it becomes a trademark.[4] Skyline University Nigeria has MOU with Worldwide popular destinations for Computer Science Institutions: MOU with Top Institutions and Universities of Computer Science in India  MOU with Top Institutions and Universities of Computer Science in Malaysia Learn with life Learn Computer Science degree in Skyline University Nigeria, and Study-related courses involved in our day to day life. Students can spend their daily life with social networking such as Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp and they can learn how to develop it. The courses and offered may be tough to build the capacity in students but if you interconnect your life with your studies, it will be very easy to learn it. Some other courses will refresh your mind and increase your grades. Cheers, Rest, good luck! References: Education in Nigeria – https://wenr.wes.org/2017/03/education-in-nigeria Kano State – en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_State Skyline University Nigeria at the glance – https://sun.edu.ng/sun-at-the-glance 5 Study Tips that Will Make You a Successful Computer Science Student https://www.mastersportal.com/articles/434/5-study-tips-that-will-make-you-a-successful-computer-science-student.html   Dr. Vijay Arputharaj is a Lecturer I of Computer and Information Science in Skyline University Nigeria. He has a PhD. in Computer Science, from Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

The contemporary convolutions of teaching and learning computer science/software engineering are increased in a diverse learning environment where students are diverse in their disciplinary backgrounds, language skills, and cultures. Some of the characteristics that are negatively impacting computer science students learning achievements are: the gap between the students’ and the teacher’s perspective of learning outcomes and task completion (Thompson, Hunt, & Kinshuk, 2006)1; the initial perception of students that “learning Programmeming is hard” (Tan et al., 2009). Computer Programmeming “requires the use of complex cognitive skills, such as reasoning, problem solving and planning” (Tie et al., 2010)2. “A Programmemer forms abstract representations of a process, expresses them in the form of logic structures, and finally translates them into correct code using the formal language” (Wiedenbeck et al., 2004)3. The three primary pedagogical goals in teaching a Programmeming language are therefore covering the language’s syntax, developing Programme design skills and creative thinking. The selection of the most suitable Programmeming language and the teaching approach are presented as two fundamental issues related to teaching Programmeming (Al-Imamy 2006)4. Computer science pedagogy varies from developing skills in design and implementation focusing on the understanding of the machine aspects or real world application aspects such as object-oriented design and development (Berglunda, et al., 2009)5. For this reason, I believe that students should be empowered with reflective lifelong learning skills to be successful in the highly dynamic field of ICT where Programmeming languages and tools constantly evolve. In general, with respect to computer science/software engineering, I realize any task that involve practical applications helps students become and remain engaged in a cognitive process. While traditional teacher-centric pedagogy is focused on the course content and transferring knowledge to the students whereas a learner-centric view is focused on assisting students to develop or build knowledge (Wright, 2011)6, but it is considered not effective in systematically guiding computer science students to be able to learn and feel very comfortable with new ideas and their applications. Bearing in mind the challenges that computer Programmeming represents to students, I believe that finding and implementing an appropriate teaching approach will be one of the crucial factors in students’ to be able to succeed in mastering the course content. Fortunately, one of the most rewarding aspects of an academic position is the opportunity to teach and interact with students. Whether or not they realize it, students have the freedom to explore and to think about problems in new ways. As teachers, we have the opportunity to guide students’ discoveries and learn a great deal in the process.  Hence, I have found several approaches helpful in systematically guiding computer science/software engineering students to be able to learn and feel very comfortable with new ideas and their applications; among the approaches are constructive alignment, collaborative learning theory, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. In constructive alignment: learner constructs his or her own learning through relevant learning activities, while teacher creates a learning environment that supports the learning activities relevant to achieving the desired learning outcomes (Biggs, 2003)7. Collaborative learning facilitates: cognitive constructivism where peer discussion leads to enhanced conceptual understanding (Crouch & Mazur, 2001)8; social construction of new knowledge by reflecting on the new material, cognitive rehearsal, and assimilation, through teamwork and deeper understanding, promoted by interaction among team members with varying levels of prior knowledge (Sangin, Molinari, Nüssli, & Dillenbourg, 2011)9. While Maslow’s theory (Maslow, 1943)10 is a motivational theory in psychology consisting of five hierarchy of human needs. For an individual to be self-actualized, all the five hierarchy of needs most be satisfied in a sequential manner as shown in figure 1. Figure 1: Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs By examining the literature related to this philosophy, I, however, have to argue with Maslow’s, 1943 theory of Humanism, for fact that most people reached self-actualisation without going through the hierarchy of needs in sequence (e.g. a person that came from a poor family but yet become successful in life). Hence, not everyone will move through the hierarchy in a uni-directional manner but may move back and forth between the different types of needs (McLeod, 2017)11. Consequently, I would like to propose a student-centered learning and teaching method that integrates constructive alignment (consistency), collaborative learning theory (collaboration, conception, and cognition), and bits of Maslows theory (love/belonging and self-actualisation) in a student-centered teaching pedagogy as shown in figure 2. Figure 2: Integration of Learning Theories into Student-Centered Teaching Pedagogy   Figure 2 is designed to transforms the traditional 2-hour lecture to a flipped classroom (by assigning recorded video lectures as homework, and use class time for active learning exercises/activity and direct engagement/discussion with students) but classified into five different sessions: 1. Explanation/ Elaboration Session: By explaining where necessary, elaborating on the concept to be taught using simulations and real-world examples, and referring back to previously-taught concepts (“teaching by facilitating” (Rogers, 1967)12, which is “driven by what learner’s need to know” (Knowles, 2005) 2. Conceive and Communication Session: Facilitating collaborative learning through this session, by taking 5 to 10 minutes to form some small group discussions. The group discussions are to be guided by questions related to the main concept and are intended to enable the social construction of new knowledge (“learners using their prior experience” (Knowles, 2005). These communication sessions will reduce the difficulties experienced by students in framing questions and expressing their doubts in the early stages of the course (“because learning is pervasive – involving the whole person” (Rogers, 1967). 3. Interaction Session: During the interaction session, students will raise questions or share their insights gained during their group discussions (“which is developing learner’s full potential” (Rogers, 1967). Based on this feedback, the new concept is further explained and linked to existing schemas in the knowledge construction process (“through identifying what needs to be learned, which is relevant” (Knowles, 2005). It will further enable the students to share their group learning experiences with the whole class. 4. Collective Problem Solving Session: During this session, students will work together in small teams in solving a