Knowledgebase & Articles

A function is a process or a relation that associates each element x of a set X, the domain of the function, to a single element y of another set Y (possibly the same set), the codomain of the function. It is customarily denoted by letters such as f, g and h. Functions as define by mathematicians above will seems to be another inapplicable topic to our daily life unless you are, for example, a mathematician or a Programmemer. Which lead us to a simpler and open definition that can be understood by all. The concept of function can be made simpler to understand by the use of the idea of a function machine i.e. an input goes in the machine; something happens to it inside the machine; an output comes out. Another input goes in; another output comes out. What is going in will determine what will come out. For example in the image below the oil is serving as the function machine: Functions, continuous functions, discrete functions, etc. are fundamental concepts in mathematics. In itself they are too general to have much value, but they are very useful for organizing things that we want to study in mathematics and elsewhere. Think of any process where an input produces an output; that process is a function. Here’s a few examples Functions in the real world A soda, snack, or stamp machine the user puts in money, punches a specific button, and a specific item drops into the output slot. (The function rule is the product price. The input is the money combined with the selected button. The output is the product, sometimes delivered along with coins in change, if the user has entered more money than required by the function rule.) Measurement: Temperature: when taking body temperature the temperature of the body will act as the input while the measurement that comes out as either in degree Celsius and Fahrenheit scales is the function output. Weight: when you take your weight usually by standing on a scale your body weight will serve as the input while the measurement usually in kilogram is your output. Fuel Efficiency: A car’s efficiency in terms of kilometer per litre of fuel consumes is a function. If a car typically gets 10L per 100km and you input 50L of fuel, it will be able to travel roughly 500km. The car’s efficiency may be a function of the car’s design (including weight, tires, and aerodynamics), speed, temperature inside and outside of the car, and other factors. Basic economics and money math: Monthly Salary: When you receive your monthly salary what you are been paid is a function of the hourly pay rate and the number of you worked for that month. Income Tax: When calculating your income tax you will observe that you made use of a mathematical function why your salary serve as your input and your tax result is the output. You will observe that the higher your income the higher your income tax.   Compound interest: when interest calculated on an investment the compound interest is a function of initial investment, interest rate, and time or interval of the investment. Supply and demand: when trying to forecast the price of product and service daily we mad use of functions. The price of the product or services acts as the input why the demand serves as the output of the function. As price goes up, demand goes down and vice versa. Machine Learning Most of the operation carried out in our phone, system and other electronic devices is as a result of the application of function. Examples: Mapping image to the names of the people on the images. Mapping digital songs to author/genres/song name Mapping MRI scan data to medical diagnosis Mapping online answers to subject/categories Relating name and number as well as other information about a contact in your phone One of the most widely used applications for functions at the present time is in working with Microsoft Excel Worksheets. All around us daily we made use of function to make life easy either with or without our knowledge. References Wendy, P. (2020). Function in the real world. Education World https://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/mathchat/mathchat010.shtml Peter, R. (2019) What are the applications of functions in real life? https://quora.com/what-are-the-applications-of-functions-in-real-life   Agada Apeh Andrew is a Lecturer II at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Sciences and Information Technology at the Skyline University Kano, Nigeria. He obtained his BSc in Mathematics from Benue State University, Makurdi You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Introduction Throughout the history of mankind, human lives have been threatened with various outbreaks of disease and pandemic; Polio, small and Chickenpox, and the Spanish Flu, all of which has caused the deaths of millions across the world. Recently, the Coronavirus (Covid19) outbreak which first emerged in Wuhan, China has put global village at a halt for over a year as the virus spread internationally. Reports indicated that over 133 million people were affected in the world, with 2.9 million deaths. The Economic Aspect of Human Security and Covid 19 in Nigeria Developed and advanced nations like the USA seemly suffered the most, with over 30 million cases and a death toll of 500,000. Likewise in other European countries like France and Spain. The virus did not only put a stop to world activities but also led to socio-economic downfall as several studies have indicated. There is no doubt that the Covid-19 virus has had a detrimental effect on the social, political, and economic sphere of human security.  The United Nations development Programme defined human security as safety from chronic threats such as hunger, repression, and diseases. According to the Copenhagen School of security studies, individual vulnerabilities are more complex than ever, contemporary more individuals suffer from diseases, hunger, and interstates conflict. The paradigm of human security extends beyond the traditional state-centric view of security centres on individuals safety such as freedom from fear, wants, and indignity. The dimensions extend to health, economic, environmental, food, etc. It is worthy to highlight that despite the several aspects of the concept, the dimension is interrelated. For example, lack of good health and security can directly affect the nature in which economic activities are conducted i.e. essential agricultural produce for human satisfaction. Thus, this paper will mainly focus on the impact of Covid-19 on the economic aspect of human security.  Human security has always been a major issue in Nigeria, especially in terms of economy, health, hunger and insecurity. These are practical problems that the nation struggle to mitigate since independence. According to The Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development (OEDC, 2020) before the pandemic, Africa was experiencing a slowdown in poverty and economic growth. As of 2019, Africa’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth which was 3.6%, and growth per capita, around 0.7%, were insufficient to drive rapid economic transformation in the continent (Umukoro, 2020).  Nigerian economy heavily depends on crude oil production, as the pandemic spread internationally, most international markets and economic activities came to a halt, with several states imposing curfews and lockdowns, thus affecting the economy of the country. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) estimates the losses linked to the collapse of the prices of the crude oil barrel at US$65 billion, of which up to US$19 billion losses are expected in Nigeria. In the same vein, Zeng (2020) as cited in Umukoro (2020) stated that the sub-Saharan region will experience a decline from 2.4 % in 2019 to -2.1% and -5.1% in 2020 in economic growth, depending on how the virus is contained. Moreover, the world poverty clock reported that over 100 million Nigerians live under 1.9$ a day and considered in extreme poverty.  Evidently, with the above data and national lockdown that was imposed by the federal government of Nigeria to mitigate the spread of the virus, which played a significant role in affecting small scale business that operates on daily wages and profit i.e. Food hawkers, Tea sellers, barbershops and restaurants. Most people who engage in this small scale business depend on the daily profit for survival. Furthermore, the restriction of movement also led to an increase in the price of agricultural and food products all over the country. Therefore, making it more difficult for the poor to feed their families. According to an article published under the International Community of The Red Cross “The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic put additional strain on the vulnerable communities in the North-East of Nigeria, where the decade-long armed conflict is severely hampering agricultural production and self-sufficiency of local farmers. Everywhere we work the food prices have gone up, in some places they doubled. It means that millions of people in the North-East of Nigeria do not have enough to eat” said the economic security Programme coordinator for the ICRC. In Conclusion, it can be argued that the Covid 19 virus has negatively affected human security in Nigeria through the economic downfall and shutdown of small scale businesses in the country which directly affected individuals ability to attain food security.        Reference  Covid19.ncdc.gov.ng. 2021. NCDC Coronavirus COVID-19 Microsite. [Online] Available at:

Introduction Covid-19 shocked the world and destroyed many economies and organizations. Job losses and misfortunes have hit families and marked family salaries. Hence, many families have encountered income stuns because of Covid-19 and may have consumed their cash reserves and savings. People who became jobless during the pandemic or faced other unforeseen changes, many have gone to companions, family and the public authority for support and advice on how to recover financially. The numerous business issues presented by COVID-19 are challenging. It is a new bitter experience for most of us and the reaction and way to recuperation for organizations appear to make a greater number of inquiries. The way to building up a Post-COVID-19 monetary arrangement is to make a speedy move through recovery and an inevitable re-visitation of success. Here are a few recommended known strategies to help common people’s well-being to progress financially to face the challenges during the COVID period: Diminish your expenses and overhead costs Start by making a list of all monetary commitments. Attempt to diminish repeating costs like unused memberships and subscriptions. Arrange a lease negotiation with building owner for residence and commercial office space usage. For official undertaking review with the supplier and vendors to increase the bills payable period or request for discounting the bills. Simultaneously, audit your family expenses any possibilities to trim. The less cash you need to draw from your bank, the more money you should put as an investment in recuperation. Set all the assets in working stage – Itemize The operating assets either deplete or diminish the sum available. For instance, excessive holding of inventory to take a chance of bulk or try to apply ‘Just in Time’ to reduce current assets holding and take an offer on strategic benefits. Consider the chance to sell anything at any point required. Better to lease any equipment so that principal capital will be saved from cash dumping. Look for more extensive insight In challenging times, we would all be able to benefit and privilege outside help. Try to find out the sources to acquire guidance about future strategies like –  Obtaining guidance from confided financial and bank advisors, including advocate and auditors.  Speaking to other practice business entity’s proprietors.  Making sure you are consistently getting current update information on our industry, new arrival product and services and especially, what competitors are practising. Invest in an Emergency Fund A forward small percentage of amount from our earnings to invest in emergency fund particularly made for a circumstance scheme like smart save, safe risk-free deposit, fixed and recurring deposits are ideal saving choices. Keep Investing in Gold During a recession, share and securities may fall as organizations make less profit and even dividend too less. But gold will in any case stay as monetary resources and highly liquid assets during inflation and unstabilized occasions. At last, don’t be reliant on projections. All things being equal, plan generally and get ready for the most exceeding inflation stage. The advancing COVID-19 circumstance is complex and the monetary market is presently reflecting vulnerability. By the by, with an all-around oversaw investment portfolio, you will want to overcome the forthcoming economic crises in a better manner. Comprehend debt position The current pandemic situation is not the right time to take more loan or debt and try to close the old unpaid overdraft and arrears to avoid penalty interest. Non-deductible debts are supposed because assets are bought by using such debt options, normally don’t generate any income or earnings and the interest too not taxable like credit cards, automobile loans, personal loans and housing loans and mortgages of a movable and immovable asset. Conclusion The current Covid-19 situation teaches us that uncertainties are part of our lifetime. It is mandatory to store money in our account and keep at least 30% of our total earnings in risk-free deposits from commercial banks. This will secure the timely need of urgency like medical emergency when we are jobless. In a regular year, scheduling and executing a business plan is challenging and complex determination is filed. Hopefully, the strategies and plans will not only initiate to save money but also help us safe and have a happy journey both personally and officially to keep stable in running the rest of our livelihood.  References  https://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/news/206446/financial-planning-post-covid.aspx https://success.ada.org/en/practice-management/dental-practice-success/dps-special-issue-2020/how-to-develop-a-post-covid-19-financial-action-plan https://www.stratusfinancialgroup.com.au/financialplanning/covid-19-recovery-financial-advice-tips/   Dr. Senthil Kumar, is an Associate Professor of Finance and Business Management in Skyline University Nigeria. He has a PhD. in Business Management from Bharathiar University, India. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria  

The academia has been plagued by the fundamental problem of plagiarism for a while now. More often than not a lot of scholars tend to undermine the impact of this problem on academic and intellectual endeavours. Plagiarism is the action of taking the ideas or concepts of another person and representing these ideas as your original idea. Plagiarism can also be regarded as a form of theft of intellect and creative ideas. Maimon, Peritz and Yancey (2016) describe this anomaly as a process of drawing words from others without recourse to the expectations of honesty and integrity. A copyrighted work is the intellectual property of the copyright holder (253). Forms of Plagiarism  People fall victim to plagiarism because of their level of ignorance about the forms of plagiarism. The following are some of the major forms of plagiarism identified by Neville 2016: Word-for-word plagiarism. This form of plagiarism the verbatim drafting of the ideas found in a copyrighted work and presenting as if they were yours.  Plagiarism by Paraphrasing Writing the ideas and presenting them as if they were yours can lead to unintended plagiarism. Hence, plagiarism does not only mean copying the words of copyright but also involves copying the ideas already stated by people without referring to the owner. Mosaic Plagiarism  This form of plagiarism involves the use of phrases and terminologies that are lifted from copyrighted sources without referring to the source or sources (74). How to Avoid Plagiarism  Plagiarism can be avoided in different ways. Having studied the pitfalls of plagiarism, the following methods or strategies can be used or adapted to avoid plagiarism.  Amplify your ideas with other sources.  Plagiarism can be avoided if writers can learn to only use the ideas of others to amplify their ideas by recognizing the importance of reviewing previous comments and perspectives about the topic they are writing about.  Internalize ideas and critically analyze them before writing or presenting them Plagiarism can be avoided if writers can strive to comprehend, analyze and present ideas rather than just paraphrasing.  Acknowledgement Writers should always acknowledge the sources of the ideas and words they intend to use in their write-ups. Proper referencing Proper referencing is very important in avoiding plagiarism. There are various referencing styles which institutions of learning adopt in their academic endeavours. Two of these referencing styles are: Modern Linguistic Association referencing style American Psychology Association referencing style Maimon, et al 2016 asserts that to avoid plagiarism completely, the following checklist must be diligently observed: Is my thesis my own idea, not something I found in one of my sources? Have I used a variety of sources, not just one or two? Have I identified each source clearly? Do I fully understand and explain all words, phrases, and ideas in my paper? Have I acknowledged all ideas that are based on neither my original thinking nor common knowledge? Have I properly integrated material from sources, using paraphrases, summaries, or quotations? If I am planning to publish my text online, have I received all the necessary permissions? (256). Conclusion Plagiarism is an intellectual and academic offence that must be frowned upon. Novel ideas and fresh thoughts can only be produced in an atmosphere of rigorous academic research devoid of plagiarized ideas and information. References: Maimon, E. P., & Peritz, J. H. (2016). A Writer’s Resource A Handbook for Writing and Research (MLA Update). New York: McGraw-Hill. Neville, C. (2016). The Complete Guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. Open press publishing.   Mr. Adelokun Adetunji Oluwapelumi is a Lecturer II at the School of Arts, Management and Social Science, Skyline University Nigeria. He has a Master of Arts Degree in English Literature from the University of Ibadan. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Introduction  Information has become the most significant source of our day-to-day life. The information available on the internet may create some confusion among its users because of its diversity. In order to get proper and exact information from the internet, users need to know the effective techniques and strategies to employ. Search strategies are ways of using search terms in finding required information from search tools, such as search engines (Google), the library catalogue and online databases. Search strategy is a structured organization of terms used to search a database. The search strategy shows how these terms combine in order to retrieve the best results. Different databases work in different ways, so you need to adapt your search strategy for each of the databases you use. This process is often referred to as “tailoring” your search. You may also decide to develop separate search strategies for different aspects of your research. You will probably need to test your strategies several times, refining them as you start to look at the results you retrieve from the database. Databases are a collection of information usually held in a computer that is organized and can be easily accessed, managed and updated in various ways. Kinds of information retrieval system:  1. Offline Search: In offline search, users can get the required information with or without the help of a computer and the internet. For example, libraries, CD-ROM etc.  2. Online Search: means the search of a remotely located database through interactive communications with the help of a computer and communication channel. Online databases can be accessed through a vendor or directly. For example OPAC, Databases, Internet etc. Search strategy techniques are designed to help users to locate the information they need effectively and efficiently. These techniques help users to find out the required information easily. They are as follows: BOOLEAN OPERATOR: it enables users to construct a logical relationship between search term, for example, French revolution or French or British Or French not British, if you want reference including the entire search you will use “AND”. The symbol often used for “AND” is A+B. the second operator will be “OR”, which is used if you want reference including any of the search terms for instance academic institution or higher institution, preschool education etc. You used “NOT” if you want to exclude a certain part of any search result.  Cleary Example of the Terminologies AND = A + B = AB for example snack and soft drink OR = A or B = A, B, for example, Pepsi or coca-cola NOT = A, not B or A – B cat, not dog Truncation:  most databases are not intelligent they just search for exactly what you type in, so truncation and wildcard limit the problem encounter with databases. Truncation is used to expand result by instructing the computer to look at the word and all alternative words. The truncation symbol retrieves any number of letters for a word. For example Africa, African, Africana or agriculture, agricultural, then highlight one and pick one. Common truncation symbols are *(asterisk)? (Question mark) #pound sign in finding related terms. Keywords: These are the most common search techniques used to retrieve information. For example, we use search terms to retrieve information for an instant clock, weather, and greenhouse. For example global warring in Nigeria that is referring to weather. A keyword search will search for titles, subjects and abstract when you are conducting a subject search. For example, find any record in Shakespeare the result will be Romeo and Juliet or any record on Wole Soyinka result will be on the lion and the jewel etc. Wild card: Searching generally places the symbol after a word, it means that it is telling the database to look for an abbreviation of that word and can come in the middle of the word. For example Wom?n or te*t  i.e. which may mean different thing altogether. Phrase Search Techniques:  Some databases and search engines will enable you to search for an exact phrase (a sentence that has no subject or predicate) i.e. it has no meaning. For example, the ‘green revolution’ is a sentence but has no meaning. “Surveillance investigator” or French revolution. In a situation where we have truncation within the phrase, it now becomes a Boolean search. Subject Heading Search: The local catalogue of the libraries and many of the larger databases that aid subject headings are descriptors because they describe the materials. They described the content of a publication as exactly as much. Conclusion  Today, each one of us needs information for some reason or the other. A search strategy is more like a tool that enhances the search quires of the researcher when embarking on his research so that documents can be quickly retrieved to save time and resource of the researcher. With search strategy, the researcher will have the document at one click on the page of the document at the right time and more connivance, easy for the users to apply. References  MacFarlane, A. (2011). Using multiple-choice questions to assist learning for Information Retrieval. In Efthimiadis, E. Fernandez-Luna, J.M. Huete, J.F. and MacFarlane, A. Eds. Teaching and Learning in Information Retrieval.  Springer Verlag, Berlin, 107-121. Sampson M, McGowan J. 2006. Errors in search strategies were identified by type and frequency.  J. Clinical Epidemiology. 59, 10, 1057–63. Taylor, A.G., & Daniel N.J. (2009). The organization of information (3rd ed.) Englewood: Libraries Unlimited, p. 5   Mr Abdulqawiyyu Mustapha is a  Library Assistant in Skyline University Nigeria. He has a Degree in Library Science from Bayero University Kano (BUK), Kano. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria

Examination is regarded as the means of measuring and evaluating the level of knowledge or cognitive abilities of students within a specified period of time. An examination is seen as the instrument used for the assessment of individual knowledge and skills both in general and specific area of study (Adekunle, 2003). Examination has therefore become a process of assessing or determining the level of assimilation of the content of instruction given by the teacher. It is also the means by which the teacher or instructor can assess himself from the performance of the students (Omenu, 2015). Although, students’ level of performance may not be the true reflection of their abilities, yet, examination still remains the best tool for objective measurement and evaluation. Unfortunately, examinations at different levels have been bedeviled with various corrupt and sharp practices tagged examination malpractices. This is indeed a problem that requires urgent attention. According to Ijabadeniyi (2017), the forms of examination include written, oral (viva) and practical. Examination is of two major types namely: Cognitive ability test that tries to find out the knowledge-content of the learner. Non-cognitive test that tries to ascertain how learners think, reason and feel. This also ascertains learner’s attitudes, values, preferences, interests, personal-social adjustments and other characteristics. The significance of examination in whatever forms cannot be overemphasized. Examination gives room for the following: Promotion and Certification. Discovery of learning problems encountered by students. Ensures effectiveness on the part of teachers and learners. Useful for guidance and counselling. Inculcates spirit of hard work among learners. Ascertain the level of knowledge acquisition. In spite of the laudable objectives of examination, malpractice seems to be an albatross bent on destroying the ideals of examination. Examination malpractice is an omnibus concept for all examination related offences thus making it cumbersome to define. According to Bruno and Ogidigbo (2012), examination malpractice is anything done by the examination candidate that is likely to render the assessment useless. Therefore, anything done by the stakeholders (not only the candidate) that will make the objectivity of the assessment jaundiced or tainted is regarded as examination malpractice. In Nigeria, the Examination Malpractice Act, Cap E15 Laws of Federation of Nigeria, 2004 explains examination malpractice as any act of omission or commission by a person who in anticipation of, before during or after any examination fraudulently secure an unfair advantage for himself or any other person in such a manner that contravenes the rules and regulations to the extent of undermining the validity, reliability, authenticity of the examination and ultimately the integrity of the certificate issued. From the above enactment, examination malpractice covers both the pre and post mindset of the stakeholder targeted at perpetrating fraud in the examination. Some of the causes of examination malpractice include: The nonchalant attitude of students to learning Poor and unconducive learning environment. Poor preparation for examination  Bad parental and peers influence Recruitment of incompetent teachers. The implication of examination malpractice is overwhelming with grave consequences on individuals, and society at large. The trend in examination malpractice will no doubt make a mockery of educational qualification and discredit institution of learning and the nation as a whole. The ripple effect is that the destiny of the populace and the nation will be placed in the hands of half-backed, incompetent individuals. A country that has a high prevalence of examination malpractice stands to lose its international credibility. Certificates emanating from such a country will be treated with utmost suspicion and doubt. According to Onyechere (2004), the spate of malpractices in the health sector, auctioning and miscarriage of justice by the judiciary, mindless looting of the public treasury, electoral fraud, the regular collapse of buildings designed by “engineers” and “architects” and sale of fake drugs by pharmacists all have root in an educational system bedevilled by examination malpractice. The provision of a legal framework to stem the tide of examination malpractice has led to the promulgation of various laws and penalties ranging from imprisonment to the option of fine or both. It is worthy to note that the offence of examination malpractice under the Act of the National Assembly or Law of the State is regarded as a felony and not a simple offence or misdemeanour (Ijabadeniyi, 2017). This shows the level of determination of the Nigerian government at all levels in combating the menace of examination malpractice. Examination Malpractices Act, Cap E15, Laws of Federation of Nigeria, 2004 identified offences that constitute examination malpractice, and also prescribes penalties for such offences ranging from 3-5 years imprisonment with or without the option of fine. The offences as provided under Sections 1 to 12 of the Act include: Section 1: Cheating (fraudulent trick or device or false pretence with intent to cheat, buy, sell or procures any question paper). Penalty: Any person guilty of an offence under Section 1(1a-d) of the Act shall be liable on conviction. If under 18 years of age to a fine of N100, 000 or jail term not exceeding three years or both. If 18 years and above (principal, teacher, invigilator, supervisor, examiner, agent or employee of the examination body, such person is liable to a four-year jail term without the option of fine. Section 2: Stealing (appropriates or takes a question paper and answer sheet or script of other candidates. Penalty: Liable on conviction to a fine of N100, 000 or imprisonment not exceeding three years jail term or both. Section 3: Impersonation (false representation as a candidate) Penalty:  if Under 18 years of age, he/she is liable on conviction to a fine of N100,000 or imprisonment not exceeding three years jail term or both. In the case of principal, teacher, invigilator, examiner and agent or employee of the examination body, such person is liable to a jail term of four years without the option of fine. In any other case, three years jail term without the option of a fine. Section 4: Disorderliness at Examination (leaving the examination hall to mix with any other person, with intent to cheat or secure unfair advantage). Penalty: Fine not exceeding N50, 000 or jail term

The normal life for any undergraduate may be filled with numerous tasks, ranging from attending classes to and lectures, to assignments, to socializing in students clubs amongst others. While these activities are important for developing a student’s academic capacity, taking a break from classrooms and lectures to rejuvenate in sports, are some of the best ways to regain the energy lost, enhance your personality and add extra value to the overall students’ wellbeing. The value of participating in sports in the university, will not only help the students to stay fit and healthy but they also learn effective ways to handle pressure in times of crisis. Here are some of the amazing benefits that sports offer to students? Let us discuss them in detail. Sport is an important learning environment for children. Numerous studies have shown that children who play sports perform better at school. It is also within sport that peer status and peer acceptance is established and developed. Sports experiences help building positive self- esteem in children. Sports instil discipline in children which is beneficial in their future endeavours. They learn the importance of setting goals and then working towards achieving those goals. By doing so, they learn that working hard is the only way to attain what they want. Strategic thinking, motor skills and math are mastered by playing sports. Students develop improved thinking as they find the best opportunity to score in a football match. On the other hand, they use their math skills to calculate starts and scores. Students involved in sports realize the destructive effects of drug abuse. Moreover, participating in sports keeps them occupied. Skyline University Nigeria (SUN) tries to strike the right balance between education and sports and try to make sports fun so that students take more interest in various sports. Sports help students build up physical abilities such as stamina, power, agility, flexibility, endurance, speed, balance etc. which are important not only now but also after taking up your career and prevents you from getting any physical trauma.   References: WERNER W.K. & SHARON A. H. (2005). Fitness and Wellness Six Edition. Wadsworth United State of America. Garry Egger, Nigel Champion & Allan Bolton (2000). “The Fitness Leader’s Handbook” Fourth Edition. A & C Black. London   Mr. Musa Muhammad is the Head of Sports, Skyline University Nigeria. He has a BSC Ed. in Physical and Health Education from Bayero University Kano (BUK), Nigeria. You can join the conversation on Facebook @SkylineUniversityNG and on Twitter @SkylineUNigeria